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\u5150\u7ae5\u8650\u5f85\u3001\u6027\u88ab\u5bb3\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u306f\u3001\u88ab\u5bb3\u7d4c\u9a13\u306e\u3042\u308b\u65b9\u306b\u5f37\u3044\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u8ca0\u62c5\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u95b2\u89a7\u306b\u3042\u305f\u3063\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3054\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u5fc3\u8eab\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u5341\u5206\u3054\u6ce8\u610f\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002\u7dca\u6025\u306e\u5b89\u5168\u78ba\u4fdd\u3084\u652f\u63f4\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u5834\u5408\u306f\u3001\u5730\u57df\u306e\u76f8\u8ac7\u7a93\u53e3\u3001\u8b66\u5bdf\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u76f8\u8ac7\u6240\u3001\u533b\u7642\u6a5f\u95a2\u3001\u5c02\u9580\u652f\u63f4\u56e3\u4f53\u7b49\u306b\u3054\u76f8\u8ac7\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ffb\u8a33\u65e5\u3000\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\uff15\u6708\uff11\uff10\u65e5<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u95a2\u4e0e\u3059\u308b\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3053\u3061\u3089<\/a>
\uff08JW\u5150\u7ae5\u8650\u5f85\u88ab\u5bb3\u30a2\u30fc\u30ab\u30a4\u30d6\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5916\u90e8\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u306b\u30ea\u30f3\u30af\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u3078\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u4f1a\u8846\u5185\u3067\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e8b\u6848\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6271\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u306e\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u500b\u4eba\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3001\u30e1\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u304c\u61f8\u5ff5\u3092\u8868\u660e\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002[1] 2009\u5e74\u306b\u30ce\u30eb\u30a6\u30a7\u30fc\u3067\u884c\u308f\u308c\u305f\u72ec\u7acb\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u304c\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u4e8b\u6848\u306b\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u6279\u5224\u7684\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u9593\u3067\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u767a\u751f\u7387\u304c\u4e00\u822c\u793e\u4f1a\u3088\u308a\u9ad8\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3082\u306e\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3082\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[2] \u540c\u7d44\u7e54\u306e\u516c\u5f0f\u306a\u7acb\u5834\u306f\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u618e\u60aa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002[3]\n\n\n\n

2015\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ea\u30a2\u652f\u90e8\u304c\u30011950\u5e74\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u5bb9\u7591\u80051,006\u4eba\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8a18\u9332\u3092\u4fdd\u6709\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f1,800\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u3082\u540c\u56e3\u4f53\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8b66\u5bdf\u306b\u901a\u5831\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002[4] \u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u30e1\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u3084\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u304c\u3001\u540c\u56e3\u4f53\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u8056\u66f8\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u65b9\u91dd\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u4fe1\u8005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u5831\u544a\u3057\u306b\u304f\u304f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u5831\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[5][6][7][8][9] \u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u52a0\u5bb3\u8005\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7d44\u7e54\u306e\u53cc\u65b9\u306b\u6065\u3092\u304b\u304b\u305b\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5730\u5143\u306e\u9577\u8001\u304b\u3089\u6c88\u9ed9\u3092\u5b88\u308b\u3088\u3046\u547d\u3058\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u8005\u3082\u3044\u308b\u3002[6][7][8][9]\n\n\n\n

2002\u5e74\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u5e83\u5831\u5ba4\u306f\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3067\u7fa9\u52d9\u3065\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u8a3c\u4eba\u304c1\u4eba\u3057\u304b\u3044\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3082\u9577\u8001\u304c\u5f53\u5c40\u306b\u5831\u544a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u65b9\u91dd\u3092\u516c\u8868\u3057\u305f\u3002[10] 2016\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u304c\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u3092\u4fdd\u8b77\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306b\u4e0d\u5229\u306a\u5224\u65ad\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u540c\u7d44\u7e54\u306e\u6148\u5584\u56e3\u4f53\u304c\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6271\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6148\u5584\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8abf\u67fb\u3092\u59a8\u3052\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306e\u8a66\u307f\u3092\u9000\u3051\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u30015\u3064\u306e\u7570\u306a\u308b\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5be9\u5224\u6240\u30672\u5e74\u9593\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3063\u3066\u7d9a\u3044\u305f\u6cd5\u7684\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u306e\u7d50\u672b\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u5074\u306e\u5f01\u8b77\u58eb\u306f\u3001\u300cWTBTS\u306f\u3001\u6148\u5584\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\u306e\u6cd5\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u3068\u7bc4\u56f2\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u57f7\u62d7\u306b\u7570\u8b70\u3092\u5531\u3048\u3066\u304d\u305f\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002[1]\n\n\n\n

2019\u5e74\u3001\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30b8\u30fc\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306f\u6587\u66f8\u3092\u7834\u68c4\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u6307\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u30b5\u30d0\u30a4\u30d0\u30fc\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u6848\u304c\u96a0\u853d\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u61f8\u5ff5\u3057\u305f\u3002\u540c\u7d44\u7e54\u306f\u3001\u8650\u5f85\u4e8b\u6848\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u6587\u66f8\u306f\u7834\u68c4\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3002[11]\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u56fd\u306e\u300c\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u72ec\u7acb\u8abf\u67fb\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u300d\u306f\u3001\u8650\u5f85\u4e8b\u6848\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u9577\u8001\u304c\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e8c\u4eba\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u65b9\u91dd\u3092\u6279\u5224\u3057\u305f\u3002IICSA\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u65b9\u91dd\u306f\u300c\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u76ee\u6483\u8005\u304c\u3044\u306a\u3044\u72b6\u6cc1\u3067\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3002[12]\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

\u65b9\u91dd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u300c\u4e8c\u4eba\u8a3c\u4eba\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u300d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u4f1a\u8846\u5185\u306e\u53f8\u6cd5\u65b9\u91dd\u3067\u306f\u3001\u672c\u4eba\u306e\u81ea\u767d\u304c\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u52a0\u5bb3\u8005\u304c\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u7f6a\u3092\u72af\u3057\u305f\u3068\u8a8d\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306a\u8a3c\u4eba2\u4eba\u306e\u8a3c\u8a00\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u540c\u7d44\u7e54\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u65b9\u91dd\u3092\u6027\u7684\u66b4\u884c\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u60aa\u610f\u3042\u308b\u544a\u767a\u304b\u3089\u5b88\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u307e\u305f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4e8c\u4eba\u8a3c\u4eba\u65b9\u91dd\u306f\u4f1a\u8846\u5185\u306e\u61f2\u6212\u51e6\u5206\u306b\u306e\u307f\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u901a\u5831\u304c\u7fa9\u52d9\u3065\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u72af\u7f6a\u3092\u5f53\u5c40\u306b\u5831\u544a\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u306b\u306f\u5f71\u97ff\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[13]\n\n\n\n

DNA\u8a3c\u62e0\u3001\u533b\u7642\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u533b\u5b66\u5c02\u9580\u5bb6\u3084\u8b66\u5bdf\u304b\u3089\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u306f\u3001\u6709\u52b9\u306a\u300c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u3089\u308c\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002[14][15][16] \u3057\u304b\u3057\u6279\u5224\u8005\u306f\u3001\u73fe\u5730\u6cd5\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u901a\u5831\u3092\u7fa9\u52d9\u3065\u3051\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8a3c\u62e0\u306f\u767a\u898b\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u307e\u307e\u306b\u306a\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[17] \u3053\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u306f\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306e\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u91cd\u5927\u6027\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3057\u3001\u6709\u7f6a\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u5f53\u3066\u3059\u304e\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u6279\u5224\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u5c0f\u5150\u6027\u611b\u8005\u304c\u8907\u6570\u306e\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u3092\u8650\u5f85\u3057\u3066\u767a\u899a\u3059\u308b\u307e\u3067\u3001\u51e6\u7f70\u3055\u308c\u305a\u306b\u6e08\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3046\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3082\u6279\u5224\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[17]\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u3078\u306e\u8cea\u554f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306e\u4ee3\u8868\u8005\u306f\u3001\u540c\u7d44\u7e54\u306f\u5730\u57df\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306e\u300c\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u8ca0\u3046\u3068\u306f\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u8a3c\u8a00\u3057\u305f\u3002[18][19] \u8650\u5f85\u306e\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u304c\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u8a73\u7d30\u3092\u7537\u6027\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306e\u96c6\u56e3\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u8ffd\u52a0\u7684\u306a\u30c8\u30e9\u30a6\u30de\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002[20][21] \u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u304c\u544a\u767a\u3092\u884c\u3046\u305f\u3081\u306b\u52a0\u5bb3\u8005\u3068\u5bfe\u9762\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u6307\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u6210\u4eba\u306e\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u306f\u3001\u671b\u3080\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u305d\u3046\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002[22]\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

\u6212\u544a\u3068\u5236\u9650<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306b\u306a\u308b\u524d\u306b\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u3092\u6027\u7684\u306b\u8650\u5f85\u3057\u305f\u8005\u3001\u5f8c\u306b\u4f1a\u8846\u306b\u5fa9\u5e30\u3057\u305f\u8005\u3001\u6094\u3044\u6539\u3081\u305f\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8005\u3092\u542b\u3080\u3001\u5143\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u8005\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u5236\u9650\u304c\u8ab2\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5236\u9650\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30de\u30ea\u30aa\u30fb\u30e2\u30ec\u30ce\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5236\u9650\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4eba\u7269\u304c\u300c\u970a\u7684\u306b\u6210\u719f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3053\u3068\u3092\u4f1a\u54e1\u306b\u77e5\u3089\u305b\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002[23]\n\n\n\n

\u9577\u8001\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6094\u3044\u6539\u3081\u305f\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8650\u5f85\u8005\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u516c\u306e\u6212\u544a\u300d\u304c\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u4f1a\u8846\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u540d\u6307\u3057\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4eba\u7269\u304c\u300c\u6212\u544a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300d\u3068\u767a\u8868\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u6212\u544a\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u7406\u7531\u306f\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u306e\u6570\u9031\u9593\u5f8c\u306b\u3001\u4f1a\u8846\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u8b1b\u8a71\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u3053\u3067\u7f6a\u306e\u7a2e\u985e\u3068\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u8b66\u6212\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u304c\u8a71\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8b1b\u8a71\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u6212\u544a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4eba\u7269\u306e\u540d\u524d\u304c\u95a2\u9023\u3065\u3051\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u306f\u3001\u7f6a\u306e\u7a2e\u985e\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8b1b\u8a71\u3068\u3001\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u524d\u306b\u884c\u308f\u308c\u305f\u6212\u544a\u306e\u767a\u8868\u3068\u3092\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u4f1a\u8846\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u6210\u54e1\u304c\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7a2e\u985e\u306e\u7f6a\u304c\u72af\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3092\u63a8\u6e2c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002[24]\n\n\n\n

\u6027\u72af\u7f6a\u8005\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u4f1a\u8846\u306e\u6238\u5225\u8a2a\u554f\u306e\u5e03\u6559\u6d3b\u52d5\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306e\u5e83\u5831\u62c5\u5f53\u8005J\u30fbR\u30fb\u30d6\u30e9\u30a6\u30f3\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4eba\u7269\u306f\u3001\u8cac\u4efb\u3042\u308b\u6210\u4eba\u304c\u540c\u4f34\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306e\u307f\u5e03\u6559\u3092\u8a31\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002[25] 2016\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6709\u7f6a\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u72af\u7f6a\u8005\u304c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5b97\u6d3e\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6238\u5225\u8a2a\u554f\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u69d8\u5b50\u304c\u64ae\u5f71\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002[26]\n\n\n\n

\u540c\u56e3\u4f53\u306e\u6d3b\u52d5\u3078\u306e\u7d99\u7d9a\u7684\u306a\u53c2\u52a0\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6027\u7684\u52a0\u5bb3\u8005\u304c\u4f1a\u8846\u5185\u3067\u826f\u597d\u306a\u7acb\u5834\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u308a\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u7d50\u679c\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[27] \u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u8650\u5f85\u8005\u304c\u81ea\u5206\u305f\u3061\u306e\u4f1a\u8846\u304b\u3089\u5225\u306e\u4f1a\u8846\u3078\u79fb\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u52a0\u5bb3\u8005\u306e\u7d4c\u6b74\u3092\u8a18\u3057\u305f\u624b\u7d19\u3092\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u4f1a\u8846\u306e\u9577\u8001\u56e3\u306b\u9001\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u6307\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u624b\u7d19\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u81ea\u767d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a00\u53ca\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002[28]\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u5b97\u6559\u3068\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30e8\u30fc\u30af\u30fb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u30ba\u306f\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8ad6\u8a55\u3057\u305f\u3002[29]\n\n\n\n

\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u3053\u306e\u30b9\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30c0\u30eb\u306e\u5f62\u306f\u3001\u30ab\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u6559\u4f1a\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u306f\u5927\u304d\u304f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3002\u30ab\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u6559\u4f1a\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8650\u5f85\u3067\u544a\u767a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306f\u53f8\u796d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u306e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u306f\u5c11\u5e74\u3084\u82e5\u3044\u7537\u6027\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4f1a\u8846\u304c\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u89aa\u65cf\u3092\u542b\u3080\u62e1\u5927\u5bb6\u65cf\u306e\u96c6\u307e\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6559\u4f1a\u306e\u9577\u8001\u306f\u4e00\u822c\u4fe1\u5f92\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u9078\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001\u544a\u767a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8005\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u9577\u8001\u3082\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306f\u4f1a\u8846\u306e\u6210\u54e1\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u540d\u4e57\u308a\u51fa\u305f\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u306f\u4e3b\u306b\u5c11\u5973\u3084\u82e5\u3044\u5973\u6027\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u544a\u767a\u306b\u306f\u8fd1\u89aa\u76f8\u59e6\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2008\u5e74\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u306e\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u6148\u5584\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u3068\u306e\u5354\u8b70\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u4fdd\u8b77\u65b9\u91dd\u3092\u7b56\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u3092\u4ed6\u306e\u5b97\u6559\u56e3\u4f53\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4e16\u4fd7\u56e3\u4f53\u3068\u540c\u7b49\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306b\u66f4\u65b0\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7d04\u675f\u3057\u305f\u3002[30]\n\n\n\n

\u96a0\u853d\u7591\u60d1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u4e8b\u4f8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u6210\u54e1\u304c\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u6c11\u4e8b\u5f53\u5c40\u306b\u5831\u544a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u59a8\u3052\u3089\u308c\u305f\u308a\u3001\u601d\u3044\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u3055\u308c\u305f\u308a\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002[31][32] \u7279\u306b2000\u5e74\u9803\u4ee5\u964d\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u7d44\u7e54\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6210\u54e1\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u884c\u308f\u308c\u305f\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u4e8b\u6848\u3092\u96a0\u853d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u975e\u96e3\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u30022001\u5e743\u6708\u3001\u300e\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c1\u30e3\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u30fb\u30c8\u30a5\u30c7\u30a4\u300f\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u65b9\u91dd\u304c\u3001\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u6210\u54e1\u304c\u5831\u544a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u56f0\u96e3\u306b\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4e8b\u6848\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u5bfe\u5fdc\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u544a\u767a\u3092\u5831\u3058\u308b\u8a18\u4e8b\u3092\u63b2\u8f09\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u8a18\u4e8b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u4ee3\u8868\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u56de\u7b54\u3082\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002[33] \u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ea\u30a2\u738b\u7acb\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u3042\u308b\u9577\u8001\u304c\u8650\u5f85\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u300c\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u540d\u3092\u6ce5\u306b\u307e\u307f\u308c\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3044\u306e\u304b\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3001\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306b\u884c\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u601d\u3044\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305b\u305f\u3068\u805e\u304d\u53d6\u3063\u305f\u3002[4] 2016\u5e74\u306e\u30a2\u30a4\u30eb\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30ed\u30f3\u30c9\u30f3\u652f\u90e8\u306e\u6cd5\u52d9\u90e8\u9580\u304c\u8b66\u5bdf\u306b\u901a\u5831\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u4f1d\u3048\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u8005\u3092\u8b66\u5bdf\u306b\u901a\u5831\u3057\u305f\u7f70\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30012\u4eba\u306e\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u9577\u8001\u304c\u305d\u306e\u7acb\u5834\u304b\u3089\u5916\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002[34]\n\n\n\n

BBC\u306f2002\u5e747\u6708\u3001\u300e\u30d1\u30ce\u30e9\u30de\u300f\u306e\u300cSuffer the Little Children\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u56de\u3067\u3001\u96a0\u853d\u7591\u60d1\u3092\u5831\u3058\u305f\u3002[35] \u3053\u306e\u5831\u9053\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u672c\u90e8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u304c\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u4f1a\u8846\u306b\u5150\u7ae5\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u306e\u8a73\u7d30\u3092\u63d0\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u6c42\u3081\u3001\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5150\u7ae5\u8650\u5f85\u4e8b\u6848\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u5185\u90e8\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3002[9] \u305d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3042\u308b\u5c11\u5973\u304c\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u7236\u89aa\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u5831\u544a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f1a\u8846\u306e\u9577\u8001\u306e\u3082\u3068\u306b\u51fa\u5411\u3044\u305f\u304c\u3001\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306f\u305d\u306e\u7236\u89aa\u304c\u8650\u5f85\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u30923\u5e74\u9593\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5c11\u5973\u3092\u5bb6\u306b\u5e30\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u4f8b\u304c\u7d39\u4ecb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u5c11\u5973\u304c\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306b\u8b66\u5bdf\u306b\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3068\u304d\u3001\u7236\u89aa\u306f\u6709\u7f6a\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u30015\u5e74\u306e\u7981\u932e\u5211\u3092\u8a00\u3044\u6e21\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002[35]\n\n\n\n

\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u5e83\u5831\u62c5\u5f53\u8005J\u30fbR\u30fb\u30d6\u30e9\u30a6\u30f3\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306f\u6c11\u4e8b\u5f53\u5c40\u306b\u901a\u5831\u3059\u308b\u524d\u306b\u3001\u72af\u7f6a\u3092\u9577\u8001\u306b\u5831\u544a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7fa9\u52d9\u3065\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u306f\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5bb6\u65cf\u306f\u81ea\u7531\u306b\u8b66\u5bdf\u306b\u901a\u5831\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3068\u5f7c\u306f\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u304c\u3001\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u305d\u3046\u3057\u306a\u3044\u4eba\u3082\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002[36] \u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5150\u7ae5\u8650\u5f85\u4e8b\u6848\u3092\u9577\u8001\u304c\u5831\u544a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306a\u7fa9\u52d9\u3092\u8a2d\u3051\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u65b9\u91dd\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u8650\u5f85\u8005\u304c\u544a\u767a\u3092\u5426\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u304c\u3044\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u7269\u4e8b\u3092\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u624b\u306b\u59d4\u306d\u308b\u300d\u3088\u3046\u6307\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[31][33]\n\n\n\n

2014\u5e74\u306e\u82f1\u56fd\u3067\u306e\u8abf\u67fb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2013\u5e74\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u30de\u30f3\u30c1\u30a7\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u30e2\u30b9\u30c8\u30f3\u306b\u3042\u308b\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u4f1a\u8846\u3067\u3001\u9577\u8001\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u72af\u7f6a\u3067\u6709\u7f6a\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u30b8\u30e7\u30ca\u30b5\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u30ba\u306f\u3001\u5c0f\u5150\u6027\u611b\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7f6a\u30679\u304b\u6708\u306e\u7981\u932e\u5211\u3092\u7d42\u3048\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u4e00\u9023\u306e\u516c\u958b\u96c6\u4f1a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u304c\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u3057\u305f\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u305f\u3061\u306b\u53cd\u5bfe\u5c0b\u554f\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a31\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002[37][38] \u30ed\u30fc\u30ba\u306f\u3001\u8b66\u5bdf\u304a\u3088\u3073\u30a4\u30f3\u30b0\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u30fb\u30a6\u30a7\u30fc\u30eb\u30ba\u6148\u5584\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u3078\u306e\u82e6\u60c5\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u6392\u65a5\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002[37]\n\n\n\n

\u5225\u306e\u4e8b\u6848\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30a6\u30a7\u30fc\u30eb\u30ba\u306e\u30d0\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u3042\u308b\u4f1a\u8846\u306e\u9577\u8001\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u30fb\u30b7\u30fc\u30a6\u30a7\u30eb\u304c\u30012014\u5e746\u6708\u306b\u5f37\u59e6\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6027\u7684\u66b4\u884c\u3067\u88c1\u5224\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3089\u308c\u6709\u7f6a\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u524d\u306b\u3001\u6559\u4f1a\u306f\u305d\u306e\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u5185\u90e8\u8abf\u67fb\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u969b\u3001\u5973\u6027\u3068\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306e\u8074\u805e\u3067\u3001\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u3089\u308c\u305f\u52a0\u5bb3\u8005\u3068\u5bfe\u9762\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002[39] \u5f8c\u306b\u30b7\u30fc\u30a6\u30a7\u30eb\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5f37\u59e6\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u6709\u7f6a\u8a8d\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5150\u7ae5\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u304b\u3089\u6570\u5e74\u5f8c\u306b\u540d\u4e57\u308a\u51fa\u305f\u969b\u3001\u6559\u4f1a\u306e\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u304b\u3089\u8a73\u7d30\u306b\u5c0b\u554f\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30b7\u30fc\u30a6\u30a7\u30eb\u304c\u540c\u5e2d\u3059\u308b\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3092\u89aa\u5bc6\u306a\u7d30\u90e8\u307e\u3067\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u5f7c\u5973\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306f\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u9000\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306a\u308b\u635c\u67fb\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u8b66\u5bdf\u3078\u6301\u3061\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002[40][41]\n\n\n\n

6\u6708\u3001\u30b7\u30fc\u30a6\u30a7\u30eb\u306f\u3001\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6559\u533a\u6c11\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5f37\u59e6\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306b\u3088\u308a\u300114\u5e74\u306e\u7981\u932e\u5211\u3092\u8a00\u3044\u6e21\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002[42][43] \u5f7c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u3092\u8abf\u67fb\u3057\u305f\u30b7\u30fc\u30a6\u30a7\u30eb\u306e\u540c\u50da\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306f\u30011\u4eba\u3092\u9664\u3044\u3066\u5168\u54e1\u3001\u5211\u4e8b\u6cd5\u9662\u3067\u306e\u5f7c\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u3067\u8a3c\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u62d2\u5426\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u300120\u5e74\u524d\u306b\u30b7\u30fc\u30a6\u30a7\u30eb\u3092\u6392\u65a5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u8b66\u5bdf\u3068\u691c\u5bdf\u306e\u635c\u67fb\u306b\u5354\u529b\u305b\u305a\u300120\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0a\u524d\u306b\u3055\u304b\u306e\u307c\u308b\u30b7\u30fc\u30a6\u30a7\u30eb\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u3092\u793a\u3059\u8a3c\u62e0\u3092\u7834\u68c4\u3057\u305f\u3002[44] 2014\u5e746\u6708\u3001\u30b7\u30fc\u30a6\u30a7\u30eb\u306f8\u4ef6\u306e\u6027\u72af\u7f6a\u306b\u3088\u308a14\u5e74\u306e\u7981\u932e\u5211\u3092\u5ba3\u544a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30022014\u5e7412\u6708\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u5211\u671f\u77ed\u7e2e\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u3066\u63a7\u8a34\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u4e0d\u6210\u529f\u306b\u7d42\u308f\u3063\u305f\u3002[45]\n\n\n\n

2014\u5e746\u6708\u30687\u6708\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30b0\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u30fb\u30a6\u30a7\u30fc\u30eb\u30ba\u6148\u5584\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u30e2\u30b9\u30c8\u30f3\u4f1a\u8846[37]\u3068\u30d0\u30ea\u30fc\u4f1a\u8846[46][47]\u306e\u53cc\u65b9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u4fdd\u8b77\u65b9\u91dd\u3092\u6b63\u5f0f\u306b\u8abf\u67fb\u3059\u308b\u3068\u767a\u8868\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\u306f\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u4fdd\u8b77\u306a\u3069\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u6148\u5584\u56e3\u4f53\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u524d\u6708\u306b\u958b\u59cb\u3055\u308c\u305f2\u3064\u306e\u6cd5\u5b9a\u8abf\u67fb\u3068\u306f\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002[48][49] \u6148\u5584\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u30de\u30f3\u30c1\u30a7\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u30fb\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30fb\u30e2\u30b9\u30c8\u30f3\u4f1a\u8846\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u300c\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u61f8\u5ff5\u300d\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3001\u76f4\u8fd1\u3067\u306f2013\u5e7412\u6708\u306b\u540c\u4f1a\u8846\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u6848\u4ef6\u3092\u958b\u59cb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002[37][50]\n\n\n\n

\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u6148\u5584\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u53f8\u6cd5\u5be9\u67fb\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f2014\u5e7412\u670812\u65e5\u306b\u5374\u4e0b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u7406\u7531\u306f\u30012011\u5e74\u6148\u5584\u6cd5\u304c\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u5be9\u67fb\u3092\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u308b\u524d\u306b\u4ed6\u306e\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u6cd5\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3092\u5c3d\u304f\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002[51] \u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30fb\u30e2\u30b9\u30c8\u30f3\u4f1a\u8846\u304a\u3088\u3073\u82f1\u56fd\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u8056\u66f8\u518a\u5b50\u5354\u4f1a\u304c\u6148\u5584\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306e\u5be9\u5224\u6240\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u884c\u3063\u305f\u8abf\u67fb\u3078\u306e\u4e0d\u670d\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u306f\u30012015\u5e744\u6708\u306b\u9000\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002[52]\n\n\n\n

2014\u5e7412\u6708\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u306e2\u3064\u306e\u5225\u3005\u306e\u4e8b\u6848\u3067\u3001\u30dc\u30fc\u30f3\u30de\u30b9\u306e\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u3068\u3001\u30d7\u30ea\u30de\u30b9\u51fa\u8eab\u306e\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u9577\u8001\u304c\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u3067\u6709\u7f6a\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3001\u5211\u3092\u8a00\u3044\u6e21\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002[53][54]\n\n\n\n

2015\u5e74\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ea\u30a2\u738b\u7acb\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ea\u30a2\u306e\u300c\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5bfe\u5fdc\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u738b\u7acb\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u30b9\u30bf\u30c7\u30a3<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ea\u30a2\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u4e8b\u6848\u306e\u6271\u3044\u306f\u3001\u300c\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5bfe\u5fdc\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u738b\u7acb\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u300d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8abf\u67fb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u540c\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u6559\u4f1a\u3001\u30b9\u30dd\u30fc\u30c4\u30af\u30e9\u30d6\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u6a5f\u95a2\u306a\u3069\u306e\u7d44\u7e54\u304c\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u3084\u4e8b\u4f8b\u306b\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u304b\u3092\u8abf\u67fb\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u30012013\u5e74\u306b\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u540c\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306e\u300c\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u30b9\u30bf\u30c7\u30a3\u306f\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u56e3\u4f53\u304c\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u300e\u5185\u90e8\u51e6\u7406\u300f\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u6163\u884c\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3002[55]\n\n\n\n

2015\u5e747\u6708\u30688\u6708\u3001\u540c\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306f\u4e00\u9023\u306e\u516c\u958b\u8074\u805e\u3092\u958b\u304d\u30012\u4eba\u306e\u5973\u6027\u306e\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u306e\u8a3c\u8a00\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u3001\u8650\u5f85\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3057\u305f\u4f1a\u8846\u306b\u95a2\u4fc2\u3059\u308b7\u4eba\u306e\u9577\u8001\u30681\u4eba\u306e\u5de1\u56de\u76e3\u7763\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3002\u540c\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306f\u307e\u305f\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ea\u30a2\u652f\u90e8\u306e\u4e0a\u7d1a\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc2\u4eba\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30e8\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u62e0\u70b9\u3068\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u6cbb\u4f53\u306e\u6210\u54e1\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30b8\u30a7\u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30fb\u30b8\u30e3\u30af\u30bd\u30f3\u306b\u3082\u8cea\u554f\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8074\u805e\u3067\u306f\u3001\u540c\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u304c\u767a\u3057\u305f\u53ec\u559a\u72b6\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u304c\u30011950\u5e74\u4ee5\u964d\u306b\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ea\u30a2\u306e\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306b\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b1,006\u4ef6\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b5,000\u70b9\u306e\u6587\u66f8\u3092\u63d0\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u3068\u8aac\u660e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u5404\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u306f\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u5225\u3005\u306e\u5bb9\u7591\u8005\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u52a0\u5bb3\u8005\u304c\u81ea\u767d\u3057\u305f579\u4ef6\u3082\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300c\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u30b9\u30bf\u30c7\u30a3\u306f\u3001\u540c\u7d44\u7e54\u304c\u3001\u5185\u90e8\u306e\u3001\u8056\u66f8\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u61f2\u6212\u65b9\u91dd\u304a\u3088\u3073\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u3092\u6271\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3002[56] \u6587\u66f8\u306f\u3001\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u3089\u308c\u305f\u52a0\u5bb3\u8005\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300c\u6559\u4f1a\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e16\u4fd7\u5f53\u5c40\u306b\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8005\u306f\u4e00\u4eba\u3082\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u540c\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u3002\u300c\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u6559\u4f1a\u306e\u6163\u884c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u72af\u7f6a\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u3092\u8b66\u5bdf\u307e\u305f\u306f\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u5f53\u5c40\u306b\u5831\u544a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3002[57][58]\n\n\n\n

\u738b\u7acb\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306e\u62c5\u5f53\u5b98\u306f\u3001\u300c514\u4eba\u306e\u5bb9\u7591\u8005\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u8b66\u5bdf\u306b\u63d0\u4f9b\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3046\u3048\u3067\u3001\u300c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u3067\u7279\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6b8b\u308a492\u4eba\u306e\u5bb9\u7591\u8005\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u738b\u7acb\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306e\u62c5\u5f53\u5b98\u306f\u3001\u8b66\u5bdf\u306b\u6848\u4ef6\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3060\u3051\u306e\u5341\u5206\u306a\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u306b\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u305d\u306e\u6848\u4ef6\u304c\u3059\u3067\u306b\u8b66\u5bdf\u306e\u77e5\u308b\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u4ed8\u3051\u52a0\u3048\u305f\u3002[4]\n\n\n\n

\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ea\u30a2\u652f\u90e8\u4e8b\u52d9\u6240\u306e\u9577\u8001\u306f\u3001\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u3092\u5f53\u5c40\u3078\u5831\u544a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3067\u7fa9\u52d9\u3065\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6559\u4f1a\u306f\u5f53\u5c40\u306b\u5831\u544a\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u3092\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u306e\u5bb6\u65cf\u306b\u59d4\u306d\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002[59] \u540c\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306e\u6cd5\u52d9\u90e8\u9580\u304c\u3001\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ea\u30a2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u72af\u7f6a\u3092\u5831\u544a\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8aa4\u3063\u305f\u7406\u89e3\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306b\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u306b\u8aa4\u3063\u305f\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u8a8d\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u3002[60][61]\n\n\n\n

2017\u5e743\u6708\u3001\u738b\u7acb\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306f\u30012015\u5e74\u306e\u6700\u521d\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\u4ee5\u964d\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u304c\u6210\u54e1\u304b\u3089\u53d7\u3051\u305f17\u4ef6\u306e\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u306e\u3046\u306115\u4ef6\u3092\u5f53\u5c40\u306b\u5831\u544a\u3057\u305f\u3068\u5831\u544a\u3057\u305f\u3002\u6b8b\u308a\u306e2\u4ef6\u304c\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u6210\u4eba\u30b5\u30d0\u30a4\u30d0\u30fc\u306e\u8981\u8acb\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3068\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[4]\n\n\n\n

\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ea\u30a2\u738b\u7acb\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a8d\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u308f\u308c\u308f\u308c\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u7d44\u7e54\u304c\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306b\u9069\u5207\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u7d44\u7e54\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u306f\u8003\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3002\u2026\u2026\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u4e8b\u6848\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e8c\u4eba\u8a3c\u4eba\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u65b9\u91dd\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u3001\u7d99\u7d9a\u7684\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u7406\u89e3\u4e0d\u8db3\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3002[62]\n\n\n\n

\u738b\u7acb\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306f\u6700\u7d42\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u3067\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002\u300c\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u7d44\u7e54\u304c\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u3078\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5b9f\u8df5\u3001\u65b9\u91dd\u3001\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u3092\u5b9a\u3081\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u8056\u66f8\u304a\u3088\u30731\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u539f\u5247\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u3069\u304a\u308a\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u4f9d\u62e0\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u308a\u3001\u540c\u7d44\u7e54\u306f\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306b\u9069\u5207\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u305b\u305a\u3001\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u3092\u4fdd\u8b77\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u7d44\u7e54\u3067\u3042\u308a\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u300d\u3002[63]\n\n\n\n

\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30b8\u30fc\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u8650\u5f85\u7591\u60d1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2023\u5e746\u6708\u521d\u65ec\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306e\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ec\u30fc\u30b7\u30a2\u652f\u90e8\u306f\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u56e3\u4f53\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u8abf\u67fb\u3059\u308b\u300c\u30b1\u30a2\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8650\u5f85\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u738b\u7acb\u8abf\u67fb\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u300d\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\u5bfe\u8c61\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u3092\u9664\u5916\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u6c42\u3081\u3066\u6cd5\u7684\u63aa\u7f6e\u3092\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u305f\u3002\u540c\u652f\u90e8\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5b97\u6d3e\u306f\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u3001\u82e5\u8005\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8106\u5f31\u306a\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u30b1\u30a2\u306b\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u8ca0\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30b5\u30d0\u30a4\u30d0\u30fc\u30ba\u30fb\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u5e83\u5831\u62c5\u5f53\u8005\u30b9\u30c6\u30a3\u30fc\u30d6\u30fb\u30b0\u30c3\u30c9\u30e9\u30b9\u306f\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u6559\u4f1a\u3082\u8650\u5f85\u3078\u306e\u8aac\u660e\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u53f8\u6cd5\u5be9\u67fb\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u61f8\u5ff5\u3092\u8868\u660e\u3057\u305f\u3002[64]\n\n\n\n

2023\u5e748\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\u3001\u30e9\u30b8\u30aa\u30fb\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30b8\u30fc\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u306f\u3001\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30b8\u30fc\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u56fd\u5185\u306b\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u3067\u6709\u7f6a\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u73fe\u5f79\u306e\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u304c11\u4eba\u3044\u308b\u3068\u5831\u3058\u305f\u3002\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ec\u30fc\u30b7\u30a2\u652f\u90e8\u4e8b\u52d9\u6240\u306f\u58f0\u660e\u3092\u767a\u8868\u3057\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306f\u5150\u7ae5\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u618e\u60aa\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306f\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u3084\u305d\u306e\u89aa\u304c\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u5f53\u5c40\u306b\u5831\u544a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u601d\u3044\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305b\u3066\u306f\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002[65]\n\n\n\n

2023\u5e7410\u6708\u4e0b\u65ec\u3001\u30a6\u30a7\u30ea\u30f3\u30c8\u30f3\u9ad8\u7b49\u6cd5\u9662\u306f\u3001\u738b\u7acb\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\u5bfe\u8c61\u304b\u3089\u9664\u5916\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u305f\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ec\u30fc\u30b7\u30a2\u652f\u90e8\u306e\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u3092\u9000\u3051\u305f\u3002[66]\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

\u8a34\u8a1f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2004\u5e74\u3001\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u6559\u4f1a\u306e\u516c\u5f0f\u65b9\u91dd\u306b\u5f93\u308f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u9577\u8001\u306e\u904e\u5931\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u539f\u544a\u306b5,000\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u30c9\u30eb\u306e\u8ce0\u511f\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8acb\u6c42\u3092\u9000\u3051\u3001\u539f\u544a\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u8cbb\u752814\u4e072,000\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u30c9\u30eb\u3092\u652f\u6255\u3046\u3088\u3046\u547d\u3058\u305f\u3002[67][68]\n\n\n\n

2017\u5e749\u670815\u65e5\u3001\u30b1\u30d9\u30c3\u30af\u5dde\u306e\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u3092\u4ee3\u8868\u3057\u3066\u3001\u96c6\u56e3\u8a34\u8a1f\u306e\u7533\u8acb\u304c\u30b1\u30d9\u30c3\u30af\u5dde\u4e0a\u7d1a\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u63d0\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u88ab\u544a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306b\u95a2\u4fc2\u3059\u308b3\u3064\u306e\u6cd5\u4eba\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u8056\u66f8\u518a\u5b50\u5354\u4f1a\u3001\u30da\u30f3\u30b7\u30eb\u30d9\u30cb\u30a2\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u8056\u66f8\u518a\u5b50\u5354\u4f1a\u3001\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30e8\u30fc\u30af\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u8056\u66f8\u518a\u5b50\u5354\u4f1a\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002[69][70]\n\n\n\n

2019\u5e74\u3001\u4e0a\u7d1a\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u96c6\u56e3\u8a34\u8a1f\u306e\u9032\u884c\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u305f\u3002[71] \u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5074\u306b\u3088\u308b\u63a7\u8a34\u306e\u7533\u8acb\u306f\u3001\u30b1\u30d9\u30c3\u30af\u63a7\u8a34\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002[72]\n\n\n\n

2017\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\u30d0\u30fc\u30bf\u5dde\u30ab\u30eb\u30ac\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e8b\u52d9\u6240\u304c\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u6848\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u8056\u66f8\u518a\u5b50\u5354\u4f1a\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5168\u56fd\u898f\u6a21\u306e\u96c6\u56e3\u8a34\u8a1f\u306b\u5411\u3051\u305f\u8abf\u67fb\u3092\u958b\u59cb\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3082\u5831\u3058\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002[73] \u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u5168\u56fd\u898f\u6a21\u306e\u96c6\u56e3\u8a34\u8a1f\u304c\u30aa\u30f3\u30bf\u30ea\u30aa\u5dde\u4e0a\u7d1a\u53f8\u6cd5\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u63d0\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002[74]\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u56fd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2011\u5e74\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u306e\u5f01\u8b77\u58eb\u30a2\u30f3\u30fb\u30aa\u30ea\u30f4\u30a1\u30ea\u30a6\u30b9\u3068\u7c73\u56fd\u306e\u5f01\u8b77\u58eb\u30b8\u30a7\u30d5\u30fb\u30a2\u30f3\u30c0\u30fc\u30bd\u30f3\u306f\u3001AO Advocates\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u63d0\u643a\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u5949\u4ed5\u306e\u3057\u3082\u3079\u3089\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5150\u7ae5\u8650\u5f85\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u3067\u6700\u521d\u306e\u6210\u529f\u3057\u305f\u6c11\u4e8b\u8acb\u6c42\u3092\u63d0\u8d77\u3057\u305f\u3002[75]\n\n\n\n

2015\u5e746\u6708\u3001\u30ed\u30f3\u30c9\u30f3\u306e\u9ad8\u7b49\u6cd5\u9662\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u304c\u3001\u65e2\u77e5\u306e\u5c0f\u5150\u6027\u611b\u8005\u30d4\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u30fb\u30b9\u30c1\u30e5\u30ef\u30fc\u30c8\u304b\u3089\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u3092\u4fdd\u8b77\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u300cA\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b\u5973\u6027\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u300127\u4e075,000\u30dd\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u305f\u3002\u300cA\u300d\u306f\u3001\u30b9\u30c1\u30e5\u30ef\u30fc\u30c8\u304b\u30894\u6b73\u306e\u6642\u304b\u3089\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3001\u8650\u5f85\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8ab0\u304b\u306b\u8a71\u305b\u3070\u300c\u7f6a\u4eba\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5730\u7344\u306b\u843d\u3061\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8105\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306f1990\u5e74\u306b\u305d\u306e\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u77e5\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001\u7406\u7531\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3044\u307e\u307e\u3001\u30b9\u30c1\u30e5\u30ef\u30fc\u30c8\u306b\u61f2\u6212\u4e0a\u306e\u6212\u544a\u304c\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3068\u767a\u8868\u3057\u305f\u3002\u8650\u5f85\u304c\u7d42\u308f\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u30011994\u5e74\u306b\u30b9\u30c1\u30e5\u30ef\u30fc\u30c8\u304c\u5225\u306e\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u72af\u7f6a\u3067\u902e\u6355\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f8c\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u304c\u30b9\u30c1\u30e5\u30ef\u30fc\u30c8\u306b\u3088\u308b\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u4f1a\u8846\u306e\u6210\u54e1\u306b\u9069\u5207\u306b\u8b66\u544a\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u305f\u3002[76][77][78]\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u56fd\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u8056\u66f8\u518a\u5b50\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u4f55\u5ea6\u3082\u63a7\u8a34\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30b0\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u30fb\u30a6\u30a7\u30fc\u30eb\u30ba\u63a7\u8a34\u9662\u306f\u3001\u540c\u7d44\u7e54\u306b\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u306e\u652f\u6255\u3044\u3092\u547d\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u300c\u516c\u6b63\u3067\u3001\u6b63\u5f53\u3067\u3001\u5408\u7406\u7684\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u63a7\u8a34\u8a31\u53ef\u3092\u62d2\u5426\u3057\u3001\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u306627\u4e075,000\u30dd\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u8ce0\u511f\u91d1\u3092\u652f\u6255\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u8cbb\u7528\u306f100\u4e07\u30dd\u30f3\u30c9\u3068\u63a8\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002[1][79]\n\n\n\n

\u7c73\u56fd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2007\u5e74\u3001\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u30a9\u30eb\u30cb\u30a2\u5dde\u30ca\u30d1\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3067\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u88c1\u5224\u4e0a\u306e\u7533\u7acb\u3066\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u5074\u306e\u5f01\u8b77\u58eb\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6559\u4f1a\u4e0a\u306e\u79d8\u533f\u7279\u6a29\u300d\u306f\u3001\u8056\u8077\u8005\u304c\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u4e16\u4fd7\u5f53\u5c40\u306b\u5831\u544a\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u306b\u512a\u8d8a\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3068\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u8a8d\u3081\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3002\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u4e0d\u6b63\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u533f\u540d\u306e\u88ab\u5bb3\u800516\u4eba\u3068\u306e\u6cd5\u5ef7\u5916\u548c\u89e3\u3067\u3001\u975e\u516c\u958b\u306e\u91d1\u984d\u3092\u652f\u6255\u3063\u305f\u3002NBC\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30b9\u304c\u5165\u624b\u3057\u305f\u88c1\u5224\u66f8\u985e\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u3042\u308b\u539f\u544a\u306b\u306f78\u4e07\u7c73\u30c9\u30eb\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u308b\u91d1\u984d\u304c\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002[80][81]\n\n\n\n

\u300e\u30d7\u30ec\u30b9\u30fb\u30a8\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u30d7\u30e9\u30a4\u30ba\u300f\u7d19\u306f2008\u5e74\u3001\u53ec\u559a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u304c\u3001\u544a\u89e3\u8005\u3068\u8056\u8077\u8005\u306e\u9593\u306e\u79d8\u533f\u7279\u6a29\u3092\u7406\u7531\u306b\u3001\u544a\u767a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6094\u609f\u8005\u306b\u4e0d\u5229\u306a\u8a3c\u8a00\u3092\u62d2\u3093\u3060\u3068\u5831\u3058\u305f\u3002[82] \u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u300c\u6094\u609f\u306e\u901a\u4fe1\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u79d8\u533f\u7279\u6a29\u300d\u306f\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306f\u8a3c\u8a00\u306b\u7570\u8b70\u3092\u5531\u3048\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002[83]\n\n\n\n

2012\u5e746\u6708\u3001\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u30a9\u30eb\u30cb\u30a2\u5dde\u30a2\u30e9\u30e1\u30c0\u4e0a\u7d1a\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u88dc\u511f\u7684\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u30012,100\u4e07\u7c73\u30c9\u30eb\u306e\u61f2\u7f70\u7684\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u3092\u652f\u6255\u3046\u3088\u3046\u547d\u3058\u305f\u3002\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u4f1a\u8846\u5185\u306e\u3042\u308b\u6210\u54e1\u306e\u5150\u7ae5\u8650\u5f85\u6b74\u3092\u89aa\u306b\u958b\u793a\u305b\u305a\u3001\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u5f53\u5c40\u306b\u5831\u544a\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u540c\u5354\u4f1a\u306e\u65b9\u91dd\u304c\u30019\u6b73\u306e\u5c11\u5973\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306b\u5bc4\u4e0e\u3057\u305f\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u305f\u3002[84]\n\n\n\n

\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u8056\u66f8\u518a\u5b50\u5354\u4f1a\u306e\u65b9\u91dd\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u305f\u4f1a\u8846\u306e\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u304c\u3001\u8650\u5f85\u306b\u5bc4\u4e0e\u3057\u305f\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306e\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u304c\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u7d99\u5a18\u306b\u4e0d\u9069\u5207\u306b\u89e6\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u81ea\u767d\u3057\u305f\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u8005\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u89aa\u305f\u3061\u306b\u77e5\u3089\u305b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u975e\u96e3\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u306f\u300c\u4e2d\u7a0b\u5ea6\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4ed8\u3051\u52a0\u3048\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u88dc\u511f\u7684\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u3068\u61f2\u7f70\u7684\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u306e\u6bd4\u7387\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306e\u7dcf\u8cac\u4efb\u984d\u30921,000\u4e07\u7c73\u30c9\u30eb\u306b\u6e1b\u984d\u3057\u305f\u3002[85] \u540c\u5354\u4f1a\u306e\u5f01\u8b77\u58eb\u306f\u3053\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u4e0d\u670d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63a7\u8a34\u3057\u3001\u5224\u65ad\u306f\u300c\u524d\u4f8b\u306e\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3001\u8650\u5f85\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u3002[86][87]\n\n\n\n

2015\u5e744\u6708\u3001\u63a7\u8a34\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u4f1a\u8846\u306b\u306f\u4ed6\u306e\u6210\u54e1\u304c\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u72af\u3057\u305f\u72af\u7f6a\u6b74\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u89aa\u3084\u6210\u54e1\u306b\u8b66\u544a\u3059\u308b\u7fa9\u52d9\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u61f2\u7f70\u7684\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u6d88\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u304c\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u9632\u6b62\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u904e\u5931\u3092\u72af\u3057\u305f\u3068\u7d50\u8ad6\u3065\u3051\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4f1a\u8846\u304c\u652f\u6255\u3046\u3079\u304d280\u4e07\u7c73\u30c9\u30eb\u306e\u88dc\u511f\u7684\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e00\u5be9\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u904e\u5931\u306e\u8a8d\u5b9a\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u30a9\u30eb\u30cb\u30a2\u5dde\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u4e0a\u8a34\u3057\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306f\u4e0a\u8a34\u4e2d\u306b\u975e\u516c\u958b\u306e\u91d1\u984d\u3067\u548c\u89e3\u3057\u305f\u3002[87][88]\n\n\n\n

2014\u5e7410\u6708\u3001\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u30a9\u30eb\u30cb\u30a2\u5dde\u30b5\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a8\u30b4\u3067\u3001\u30db\u30bb\u30fb\u30ed\u30da\u30b9\u304c\u30b4\u30f3\u30b5\u30ed\u30fb\u30ab\u30f3\u30dd\u30b9\u304b\u3089\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u4e8b\u6848\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u5be9\u7406\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3002\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u30ab\u30f3\u30dd\u30b9\u304c1982\u5e74\u306b\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u30821\u4eba\u306e\u5225\u306e\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u81ea\u767d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\u30011986\u5e74\u306b\u30ab\u30f3\u30dd\u30b9\u3092\u30ed\u30da\u30b9\u306e\u6307\u5c0e\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63a8\u85a6\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30ab\u30f3\u30dd\u30b9\u306f1987\u5e74\u306b\u5225\u306e\u4f1a\u8846\u306b\u79fb\u308a\u30011993\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u9577\u8001\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u30ab\u30f3\u30dd\u30b9\u306f1982\u5e74\u304b\u30891995\u5e74\u306e\u9593\u306b\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u30828\u4eba\u306e\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u3092\u8650\u5f85\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u81ea\u767d\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u30e1\u30ad\u30b7\u30b3\u3078\u9003\u4ea1\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30ab\u30f3\u30dd\u30b9\u306f\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u30011995\u5e74\u306b\u6392\u65a5\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u65e2\u77e5\u306e\u52a0\u5bb3\u8005\u304b\u3089\u30ed\u30da\u30b9\u3092\u4fdd\u8b77\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3078\u306e\u5354\u529b\u3092\u62d2\u5426\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u539f\u544a\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u30661,350\u4e07\u7c73\u30c9\u30eb\u3092\u652f\u6255\u3046\u3088\u3046\u547d\u3058\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u3053\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u4e0d\u670d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63a7\u8a34\u3057\u305f\u3002[89][90]\n\n\n\n

\u63a7\u8a34\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u6d88\u3057\u3001\u3088\u308a\u8efd\u3044\u5236\u88c1\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306b\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306e\u8981\u6c42\u306b\u5f93\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8a8d\u3081\u305f\u3002[91] \u6587\u66f8\u958b\u793a\u3092\u3081\u3050\u308b\u4e89\u3044\u304c\u306a\u304a\u9032\u884c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u9593\u306b\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306f2018\u5e741\u6708\u306b\u6cd5\u5ef7\u5916\u3067\u548c\u89e3\u3057\u305f\u3002[92]\n\n\n\n

\u30ed\u30da\u30b9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3068\u306f\u5225\u306b\u3001\u30b4\u30f3\u30b5\u30ed\u30fb\u30ab\u30f3\u30dd\u30b9\u306e\u5225\u306e\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u30011997\u5e74\u304b\u30892001\u5e74\u307e\u3067\u306e\u7c73\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5150\u7ae5\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u6587\u66f8\u306e\u9ed2\u5857\u308a\u7248\u3092\u63d0\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u3088\u308a\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u6587\u66f8\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306e\u5225\u6cd5\u4eba\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c1\u30e3\u30f3\u4f1a\u8846\u300d\u304c\u4fdd\u6709\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u305f\u3061\u306f\u305d\u308c\u306b\u30a2\u30af\u30bb\u30b9\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u304c\u6587\u66f8\u3092\u63d0\u51fa\u3057\u306a\u3044\u65e5\u3054\u3068\u306b4,000\u7c73\u30c9\u30eb\u306e\u5236\u88c1\u91d1\u3092\u79d1\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u306f\u3053\u306e\u547d\u4ee4\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u63a7\u8a34\u3057\u305f\u304c\u4e0d\u6210\u529f\u306b\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u3001\u63a7\u8a34\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7f70\u91d1\u2015\u2015\u63a7\u8a34\u6642\u70b9\u30674\u4e078,000\u7c73\u30c9\u30eb\u2015\u2015\u3092\u652f\u6255\u3044\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u547d\u4ee4\u306b\u5f93\u3046\u3088\u3046\u6307\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002[93][94] \u3053\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306f2018\u5e742\u6708\u306b\u6cd5\u5ef7\u5916\u3067\u548c\u89e3\u3057\u305f\u3002[95]\n\n\n\n

2015\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5225\u306e\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u30a9\u30eb\u30cb\u30a2\u5dde\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u5be9\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u304c\u6587\u66f8\u3092\u63d0\u51fa\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7406\u7531\u306b\u6b20\u5e2d\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u4e0b\u3057\u3001\u539f\u544a\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066400\u4e07\u7c73\u30c9\u30eb\u3092\u652f\u6255\u3046\u3088\u3046\u547d\u3058\u305f\u3002\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u306f\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u6587\u66f8\u3092\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u306b\u63d0\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7533\u3057\u51fa\u305f\u3046\u3048\u3067\u3001\u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u30a9\u30eb\u30cb\u30a2\u5dde\u306e\u63a7\u8a34\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u63a7\u8a34\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u6557\u8a34\u3057\u305f\u3002[96] \u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7c73\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3078\u306e\u3055\u3089\u306a\u308b\u4e0a\u8a34\u306f\u30012019\u5e7410\u6708\u306b\u9000\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002[97]\n\n\n\n

2014\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u3092\u62c5\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e8b\u52d9\u6240\u304c\u3001\u30b3\u30cd\u30c1\u30ab\u30c3\u30c8\u5dde\u3001\u30d0\u30fc\u30e2\u30f3\u30c8\u5dde\u3001[98] \u30ab\u30ea\u30d5\u30a9\u30eb\u30cb\u30a2\u5dde\u3001\u30aa\u30ec\u30b4\u30f3\u5dde\u3001\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30e1\u30ad\u30b7\u30b3\u5dde\u3067\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3092\u63d0\u8d77\u3057\u305f\u3068\u5831\u3058\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002[99]\n\n\n\n

2016\u5e74\u3001\u30c7\u30e9\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u5dde\u53f8\u6cd5\u9577\u5b98\u306f\u300135\u6b73\u306e\u5973\u6027\u306814\u6b73\u306e\u5c11\u5e74\u3068\u306e\u9055\u6cd5\u306a\u6027\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u304c\u901a\u5831\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u3092\u63d0\u8a34\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5973\u6027\u3068\u5c11\u5e74\u306f\u3044\u305a\u308c\u3082\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6392\u65a5\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u6210\u4eba\u306e\u52a0\u5bb3\u8005\u3068\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306e\u901a\u4fe1\u306f\u3001\u6094\u609f\u8005\u3068\u8056\u8077\u8005\u306e\u9593\u306e\u79d8\u533f\u7279\u6a29\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4fdd\u8b77\u3055\u308c\u308b\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u8005\u3068\u306e\u901a\u4fe1\u306f\u4fdd\u8b77\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u306f\u5dde\u3068\u548c\u89e3\u3057\u3001\u6709\u7f6a\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u30011\u4e079,500\u7c73\u30c9\u30eb\u306e\u7f70\u91d1\u3092\u652f\u6255\u3063\u305f\u3002\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u30c7\u30e9\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u5dde\u304c\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u7814\u4fee\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002[100][101]\n\n\n\n

2018\u5e74\u3001\u30e2\u30f3\u30bf\u30ca\u5dde\u30c8\u30f3\u30d7\u30bd\u30f3\u30fb\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30eb\u30ba\u306e\u966a\u5be9\u306f\u3001\u6027\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u30663,500\u4e07\u7c73\u30c9\u30eb\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u88ab\u5bb3\u8005\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u6559\u4f1a\u304c\u81ea\u5206\u3092\u4fdd\u8b77\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306f\u3001\u300c\u4e8c\u4eba\u8a3c\u4eba\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u300d\u3068\u3001\u4f1a\u8846\u306e\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u304c\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u4e16\u4fd7\u5f53\u5c40\u306b\u6e21\u3055\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u5f53\u3066\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u5831\u3058\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002[102]\n\n\n\n

\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u30e2\u30f3\u30bf\u30ca\u5dde\u3067\u306f\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306b\u8650\u5f85\u4e8b\u6848\u3092\u5831\u544a\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3001[103] \u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u4e0d\u670d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63a7\u8a34\u3057\u305f\u3002[104] 2020\u5e741\u6708\u3001\u30e2\u30f3\u30bf\u30ca\u5dde\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u304c\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u3063\u305f\u79d8\u5bc6\u306e\u901a\u4fe1\u306f\u7fa9\u52d9\u7684\u901a\u5831\u6cd5\u306e\u4e0b\u3067\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u4f8b\u5916\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306b\u6709\u5229\u306a\u5f62\u3067\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u6d88\u3057\u3001\u5dee\u3057\u623b\u3057\u305f\u3002[105]\n\n\n\n

2023\u5e747\u6708\u3001\u30cf\u30ef\u30a4\u5dde\u306e\u5de1\u56de\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u300cN.D.\u300d\u3068\u7279\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u539f\u544a\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u30014,000\u4e07\u7c73\u30c9\u30eb\u306e\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u306f\u30011992\u5e74\u306b\u5f7c\u5973\u304c12\u6b73\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3068\u304d\u3001\u6559\u4f1a\u306e\u9577\u8001\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u30b1\u30cd\u30b9\u30fbL\u30fb\u30a2\u30d1\u30ca\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f37\u59e6\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6027\u7684\u66b4\u884c\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u30022020\u5e74\u306b\u958b\u59cb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3053\u306e\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30d1\u30ca\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u30de\u30ab\u30cf\u4f1a\u8846\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u6559\u4f1a\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u56e3\u4f53\u304c\u8a34\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u30a2\u30d1\u30ca\u304c23\u5e74\u9593\u306b\u308f\u305f\u308a\u4ed6\u306e\u5c11\u5973\u305f\u3061\u3082\u8650\u5f85\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3082\u8a8d\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u30a2\u30d1\u30ca\u306f\u3001\u539f\u544a\u304c\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u591a\u304f\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u305f\u3002\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u90e8\u5206\u306f\u3001\u52a0\u5bb3\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b4,000\u4e07\u7c73\u30c9\u30eb\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u304c\u4e0b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u524d\u306b\u548c\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002[106]\n\n\n\n

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\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1.  Alice Ross (12 August 2016). “Jehovah’s Witnesses under pressure over handling of sexual abuse claims”<\/a>. The Guardian<\/a><\/em>. London, UK.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2.  Ringnes, Hege Kristin (2009). “Individet i gruppen: en psykologisk tiln\u00e6rming til det \u00e5 v\u00e6re et Jehovas vitne”. In Ringnes, Hege Kristin; S\u00f8dal, Helje Kringlebotn (eds.). Jehovas vitner \u2014 en flerfaglig studie<\/em> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget<\/a>. p. 101. ISBN<\/a> 978-82-15-01453-1<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3.  Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse (28 November 2016). Report into Jehovah’s Witness organisations released<\/a> (Report). p. 10. Read the full report<\/a> (PDF).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4.  “Australia Royal Commission into Child Sexual Abuse – Submissions of Senior Counsel”<\/a>. Child Abuse Royal Commission<\/em>. March 2017. p. 12. Archived<\/a> from the original on September 22, 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5.  Brekke, Kira (18 February 2015). “Investigation Claims Jehovah Witnesses’ Watchtower Is Hiding Child Sexual Abuse Claims”<\/a>. The Huffington Post<\/em>. Retrieved 28 September 2016.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6.  Bootie Cosgrove-Mather (4 April 2003). “Another Church Sex Scandal”<\/a>. CBS News<\/em>. Retrieved 24 February 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  7.  Corrie Cutrer (5 March 2001). “Sex Abuse: Witness Leaders Accused of Shielding Molesters”<\/a>. christianitytoday.com<\/em>. Retrieved 24 February 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  8.  Jana Wendt (27 November 2005). “Cover Stories: The Year in Review”<\/a>. paddington.ninemsn.com.au<\/em>. Archived from the original<\/a> on 2013-05-03. Retrieved 24 February 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  9.  “Secret database protects paedophiles”<\/a>. BBC News<\/em>. July 12, 2002. Retrieved 24 February 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  10.  “Child abuse policy”<\/a>. BBC News – Panorama<\/em>. July 12, 2002. Retrieved August 12, 2016.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  11.  Phil Pennington of RNZ (October 18, 2019). “Royal Commission: Jehovah’s Witnesses elders told to destroy documents”<\/a>. Retrieved October 18, 2019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  12.  Religious groups in UK failing children over sex abuse, report says<\/a> BBC<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  13.  Kristine Hirsti and Kathrine Hammerstad (12 December 2012): Tidligere ledere \u2014 Jehovas vitner dysser ned overgrep mot barn<\/a> (in Norwegian) NRK<\/a>. Retrieved 23 September 2013<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  14.  “Ex-Elder Challenges Jehovah’s Witnesses On Child Abuse”<\/a>. The Washington Post<\/em>. corroborating evidence can be used instead of a second witness to prove wrongdoing<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  15.  Public Hearing – Case Study 29 (Day 152)<\/a> (PDF). Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, Australia<\/em> (Report). p. 67,72. in the absence of a confession or circumstantial evidence or other indicators, would we act judicially on one witness as the courts would do, the answer would be no, and I don’t see that changing, in harmony with the scriptures. … Q. Insofar as a second witness is concerned, is that requirement covered by, for example, scientific evidence? A. Certainly. Q. So if there was some external forensic scientific or direct evidence which is not of an observer to the incident, but someone who observes some corroborative aspect to the incident, that would be sufficient, would it? A. The answer is yes… we, as the case files will show, have disfellowshipped people for being in an inappropriate setting where there is some allegation.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  16.  Public Hearing – Case Study 29 (Day 155)<\/a> (PDF). Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, Australia<\/em> (Report). p. 44,45.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  17.  “New Evidence in Jehovah’s Witness allegations”<\/a>. NBC News\/<\/em>. 2007. Retrieved 16 February 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  18.  “Richard Ashe deposition”<\/a>. YouTube<\/a><\/em>. 13 February 2015. Archived<\/a> from the original on 2021-12-21.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  19.  “Did leaders of Jehovah’s Witnesses cover up child sex abuse?”<\/a>. PBS NEWSHOUR<\/em>. RICHARD ASHE, Watchtower Supervisor: Well, within the congregation, ours is a spiritual protection. When we\u2019re talking about physical protection, that\u2019s up to the secular authorities to provide. 16 February 2015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  20.  “Case Study 29”, Submissions of Senior Counsel Assisting the Royal Commission<\/em> p. 131, Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse<\/em>, July 2015, “The number of people to whom a survivor of child sexual abuse is required to divulge the detail of her complaint exacerbates the trauma already suffered by a survivor of such abuse.”<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  21.  Jehovah’s Witnesses accused of silencing victims of child abuse<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  22.  Patrick, A. Odysseus (14 August 2015). “Jehovah’s Witnesses face child sexual-abuse investigation in Australia”<\/a>. The Washington Post<\/em>. Retrieved 25 September 2018. Church elders need to secure a confession or the testimony of two credible witnesses to the same incident, two witnesses to separate incidents of the same kind, or strong circumstantial evidence testified to by at least two witnesses. The accuser also has to justify his or her allegations to church elders, often in the presence of the alleged perpetrator.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  23.  Paducah Sun, January 28, 2001<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  24.  “A v Watchtower Bible and Tract Society (Trustees of) & Ors [2015] EWHC 1722 (QB) (19 June 2015)”<\/a>. They would not have been told specifically that Peter Stewart had sexually assaulted a child, but it was intended that the conjunction of the two announcements should cause the congregation to understand that Peter Stewart was a sex abuser of young children. Archived from the original<\/a> on 2019-07-23.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  25.  Louisville Courier-Journal, 1-4-01.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  26.  “News 5 Investigates: Sex offender going door-to-door as a Jehovah’s witness”<\/a>. Archived from the original<\/a> on June 9, 2018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  27.  “V.B. v. Cairns et al”<\/a>. Mr. Cairns and Mr. Brown indicated that Mr. G.P. had demonstrated repentance and improved spirituality by being more active in the faith and spending time “in service” (spreading the word about Jehovah’s Witness to others outside the faith).<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  28.  “Jehovah’s Witnesses use 1st Amendment to hide child sex abuse claims”<\/a>. 14 February 2015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  29.  Laurie Goodstein, Ousted Members Say Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Policy on Abuse Hides Offenses<\/a>, The New York Times,<\/em> August 11, 2002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  30.  “Work of the Charity Commission in 2008-09”, Minutes of Evidence Taken Before Public Administrative Committee (House of Commons)<\/em>, Thursday 10 December 2009, Retrieved 2014-12-23<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  31.  French, Rose; Hoffman, Allison (May 11, 2007). “Jehovah’s Witnesses Settle Abuse Cases”<\/a>. NewsChannel 5<\/a>. Associated Press<\/a>. Archived from the original<\/a> on December 22, 2007. Retrieved December 25, 2008.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  32.  Burgess, Kaya (2017-11-20). “Jehovah’s Witness child abuse victims told ‘not to go to police'”<\/a>. The Times<\/a><\/em>. ISSN<\/a> 0140-0460<\/a>. Retrieved 2017-11-20.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  33.  “Sex Abuse: Witness Leaders Accused of Shielding Molesters” by Corrie Cutrer, Christianity Today<\/em>, March 5, 2001, As Retrieved 2010-04-15<\/a> Archived<\/a> 2012-02-23 at the Wayback Machine<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  34.  Whyte, Barry J (29 October 2017). “A failure to bear Witness? \u2014 The Jehovah’s Witnesses religion is coming under mounting criticism for its handling of sexual abuse allegations in Ireland”<\/a>. The Business Post<\/em>. Retrieved 11 November 2017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  35.  “Betsan Powys<\/a> (July 14, 2002). “Suffer the Little Children”<\/a>. BBC News<\/em>. Retrieved January 5, 2010.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  36.  Tubbs, Sharon (Aug. 22, 2002), “Spiritual shunning”<\/a>, St. Petersburg Times<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  37.  “Jehovah’s Witness abuse victims ‘quizzed by their attacker’ at church”<\/a>. The Independent<\/a><\/em>. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2014-07-03.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  38.  “Convicted paedophile allowed to grill his victims at Jehovah’s Witness meeting”<\/a>. Manchester Evening News<\/a><\/em>. 2014-05-21. Retrieved 2014-07-03.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  39.  “Jehovah’s Witness church leader facing jail after being convicted of rape”<\/a>. Daily Mirror<\/a><\/em>. 2014-06-28. Retrieved 2014-07-02.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  40.  “Jehovah’s Witnesses criticised over handling of sex abuse”<\/a>. BBC News<\/a><\/em>. 2014-07-03. Retrieved 2014-07-04.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  41.  “‘There were 12 elders and not one of them stood up \u2013 not one’: Victim of Jehovah’s Witness rapist describes torment”<\/a>. Western Mail. 2014-06-29. Retrieved 2014-07-02.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  42.  “Jehovah’s Witness Mark Sewell jailed for abusing girls”<\/a>. BBC News<\/a><\/em>. 2014-07-02. Retrieved 2014-07-02.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  43.  “Jehovah’s Witness elder jailed for raping a fellow worshipper and sexually abusing vulnerable schoolgirls”<\/a>. Western Mail<\/a>. 2014-07-02. Retrieved 2014-07-02.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  44.  “Jehovah’s Witnesses destroyed documents showing child abuse allegations against church elder”<\/a>. Western Mail. 2014-06-29. Retrieved 2014-07-02.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  45.  “Jehovah’s Witness church elder who was jailed for 14 years for eight sex offences fails to get his sentence cut”<\/a>. Western Mail. 10 December 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  46.  “Jehovah’s Witness elder guilty of sex abuse: Now charity watchdog launches investigation”<\/a>. Western Mail. 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2014-07-04.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  47.  “Jehovah’s Witness Elder Mark Sewell Jailed for 14 years for Sex Crimes”<\/a>. International Business Times<\/a><\/em>. 2014-07-02. Retrieved 2014-07-04.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  48.  “Charity Commission opens case on Jehovah’s Witnesses congregation after member found guilty of sex offences”<\/a>. Third Sector. 2014-07-02. Retrieved 2014-07-03.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  49.  “Charity Commission opens statutory inquiries into Jehovah’s Witnesses governing body and congregation”<\/a>. Third Sector. 2014-06-10. Retrieved 2014-07-03.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  50.  “Charity Commission investigates Jehovah’s Witnesses charities”<\/a>. Charity Commission for England and Wales<\/a>. Retrieved 2014-07-04.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  51.  “Jehovah’s Witnesses, and judicial review being a last resort”<\/a>. UK Human Rights Blog<\/em>. 17 December 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  52.  “Charity Commission to continue statutory inquiry into Jehovah’s Witnesses congregation”<\/a>. Third Sector<\/em>. 13 April 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  53.  Will Frampton (22 December 2014). “UPDATE: Jehovah’s Witness jailed for five years for indecently assaulting young girls”<\/a>. Bournemouth Echo<\/a><\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  54.  “Mother reveals torment as Jehovah’s Witness is jailed for sexually abusing her daughter”<\/a>. Plymouth Herald<\/a><\/em>. 22 December 2014. Archived from the original<\/a> on 2014-12-22. Retrieved 2014-12-22.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  55.  Common institutional responses to child sexual abuse across religious institutions<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  56.  Institutional responses to child sexual abuse in the Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  57.  Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, summary of Case Study 29 into Jehovah’s Witnesses and Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Australia Ltd.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  58.  Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, opening submissions, Case 29<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  59.  “”Case Study 29: Transcript (day 152)”, page 24-26, Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse<\/em>, July 2015″<\/a>. Archived from the original<\/a> on 2017-11-20. Retrieved 2015-07-31.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  60.  Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse 2016<\/a>, p. 62: “The Royal Commission heard evidence that, before the public hearing of this case study, the Jehovah\u2019s Witness organisation did not consider that concealment offences were independent of obligations under mandatory reporting laws to report child sexual abuse.”<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  61.  “Case Study 29”, Day 153 p.16, 41\u201444, Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse<\/em>, July 2015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  62.  Report of Case Study No. 29: The response of the Jehovah’s Witnesses and Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Australia Ltd to allegations of child sexual abuse<\/a> (PDF) (Report). Commonwealth of Australia. 2016. p. 77.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  63.  “Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse\u2014Religious institutions\u2014Final Report”<\/a>. Commonwealth of Australia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  64.  “Jehovah’s Witness church seeks exemption from royal commission abuse in care inquiry”<\/a>. Radio New Zealand<\/a><\/em>. 2 June 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  65.  Bradley, Anusha (14 August 2023). “RNZ investigation reveals 11 alleged paedophiles active within the Jehovah’s Witnesses”<\/a>. Radio New Zealand<\/a><\/em>. Retrieved 18 August 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  66.  Bradley, Anusha (25 October 2023). “Jehovah’s Withess’ bid to be excluded from abuse inquiry dismissed”<\/a>. Radio New Zealand<\/a><\/em>. Archived<\/a> from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  67.  “Woman who won $5,000 in a sex abuse suit against church must pay legal costs”<\/a>. Religion News Blog. 30 September 2003. Retrieved 16 November 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  68.  “Landmark U.S. verdict against Jehovah’s Witnesses may prompt Canadian sex abuse lawsuits”<\/a>. Toronto Star<\/em>. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  69.  “Quebec court asked to approve sexual abuse class-action lawsuit against Jehovah’s Witnesses”<\/a>. CBC News<\/em>. Retrieved 2017-09-22.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  70.  “Class Action against Jehovah’s Witnesses”<\/a>. Montreal, QC: CNW Group<\/a>. September 15, 2017. Source in English<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  71.  “Quebec class action alleging sexual abuse in Jehovah’s Witnesses can proceed”<\/a>. CBC<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  72.  “Collective Action for Sexual Crimes: An Authorized Appeal for Jehovah’s Witnesses”<\/a>. Radio Canada – The Canadian Press<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  73.  “Jehovah’s Witness Child Sexual Abuse Class Action Lawsuit | Higgerty Law firm | Calgary Lawyers”<\/a>. www.higgertylaw.ca<\/em>. Archived from the original<\/a> on 2018-11-06. Retrieved 2017-09-22.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  74.  “Gutierrez v. The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Canada et al., 2019 ONSC 3069 (CanLII)”<\/a>. Canadian Legal Information Institute<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  75.  A v Watchtower Bible and Tract Society (Trustees of) & Others [2015] EWHC 1722 (QB), https:\/\/www.casemine.com\/judgement\/uk\/5a8ff74f60d03e7f57eab238<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  76.  “A v The Trustees of the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society and Ors”<\/a>. British and Irish Legal Information Institute<\/em>. Queen’s Bench Division of the High Court. 19 June 2015. Printable version<\/a> (RTF).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  77.  “Jehovah’s Witnesses to compensate woman over sex abuse”<\/a>. BBC News<\/a><\/em>. London, UK. 19 June 2015. See also “Jehovah’s Witness elders ‘don’t take child abuse seriously'”<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  78.  Damien Gayle and agency (19 June 2015). “Woman abused as child by Jehovah’s Witness minister wins \u00a3275k damages”<\/a>. The Guardian<\/a><\/em>. London, UK.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  79.  “Jehovah’s Witnesses face \u00a31m legal bill after young girl was sexually abused by one of its members”<\/a>. Leicester, UK: The Leicester Mercury<\/a>. 8 July 2016. Archived from the original<\/a> on 26 September 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  80.  Lisa Myers<\/a> and Richard Greenberg (21 November 2007). “New evidence in Jehovah’s Witness allegations”<\/a>. NBC Nightly News<\/a><\/em>. Retrieved 16 November 2007.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  81.  NBC Jehovah’s Witnesses child sexual abuse<\/a> on YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  82.  “Convicted molester sentenced to 45 years to life”<\/a>. The Press-Enterprise<\/a><\/em>. 27 June 2008. Archived from the original<\/a> on 21 September 2010. Elders John Vaughn and Andrew Sinay balked at testifying against Simental, when subpoenaed by Strunsky. They cited the confidentiality afforded by the penitent-clergy privilege.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  83.  California Court of Appeal, Fourth Appellate District, Division Two<\/a> (10 August 2009). “People v. Simental”<\/a>. Leagle, Inc. Retrieved 14 January 2018. the communications were not intended to be confidential and the elders in this case felt they had no duty to keep the confession confidential.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  84.  “Jehovah’s Witnesses Told to Pay in Abuse Case”<\/a>. The New York Times<\/a><\/em>. 2012-06-17. Retrieved 2014-07-04.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  85.  “Alameda district court document”<\/a>. Archived from the original<\/a> on February 2, 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  86.  alameda.courts.ca.gov<\/a> Archived<\/a> February 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  87.  “Jane Doe (Candace Conti) v. The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York Inc. et al”<\/a>. California Court of Appeal, First Appellate District, Division Three<\/a>. April 13, 2015. Court of Appeal Opinion<\/a> (PDF).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  88.  “Conti v. The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York”<\/a>. California Supreme Court<\/a>. 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  89.  “Jehovah’s Witnesses to pay $13.5 million in California sex abuse ruling”<\/a>. Reuters<\/a><\/em>. 1 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  90.  “Jehovah’s Witnesses Ordered to Pay $13.5M to Bible Teacher’s Alleged Victim”<\/a>. NBC 7 San Diego<\/a> NBC San Diego<\/em>. 3 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  91.  “Lopez v. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc”<\/a>. California Court of Appeal, Fourth Appellate District, Division One<\/a>. April 14, 2016. Court of Appeal Opinion<\/a> (PDF).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  92.  “Jehovah’s Witnesses to settle sex-abuse case”<\/a>. 12 January 2012.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  93.  “Padron v. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc”<\/a> (PDF). California Court of Appeal, 4th district. 2017. Archived from the original<\/a> (PDF) on 2017-12-19. Retrieved 2017-12-14.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  94.  “Padron v. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc”<\/a>. California Court of Appeal, 4th district. 2017. Appellant’s counsel responded, establishing that sanctions pursuant to the order had accrued in the amount of $48, 000 by the time of the filing of the notice of appeal, therefore exceeding the $5, 000 threshold<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  95.  “Watchtower done looking the other way?”<\/a>. San Diego Reader<\/em>. 2 March 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  96.  “J.W v. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc (E066555)”<\/a> (PDF). California Court of Appeal, 4th district, Division 2. 2019. Archived from the original<\/a> (PDF) on 2018-12-22.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  97.  “Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., Petitioner v. J. W., a Minor”<\/a>. Supreme Court of United States. 2019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  98.  “Siblings Sue Jehovah’s Witnesses Over Alleged Child Sex Abuse”<\/a>. Hartford Courant<\/a><\/em>. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  99.  “Jehovah’s Witnesses under fire from former congregants who say child sex abuse was hushed”<\/a>. The Oregonian<\/a><\/em>. 1 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  100.  “Judge refuses to dismiss lawsuit against Jehovah’s Witnesses”<\/a>. delawarestatenews.net<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  101.  “State of Delaware v. Laurel Delaware Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses, et al”<\/a>. law.justia.com<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  102.  Larson, Seaborn (30 September 2018). “Montana Jehovah’s Witness sex abuse case underscores church’s worldwide reckoning”<\/a>. missoulian.com<\/em>. Retrieved 2019-02-06.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  103.  “Watchtower v. 20th Judicial District (Petition for writ of supervisory control and motion for stay of trial court proceedings)”<\/a>. Supreme Court of Montana. 2018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  104.  “Nunez v. Watchtower (Notice of appeal)”<\/a>. Supreme Court of Montana. 2019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  105.  “Opinion:Alexis Nunez and Holly McGowan vs Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc et al (case number: DA 19-0077)”<\/a>. Supreme Court of Montana. 2019. We hold that Jehovah’s Witnesses are excepted from the mandatory reporting statute under \u00a7 41-3-201(6)(c), MCA, because the undisputed material facts in the record show that Jehovah’s Witnesses canon law, church doctrine, or established church practice required that the reports of abuse in this case be kept confidential. We therefore reverse the District Court’s grant of summary judgment to Alexis and remand for entry of summary judgment in favor of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Because this issue is dispositive, we do not reach the punitive damages award or the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ other arguments.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  106.  “Abuse victim in Hawaii awarded $40 million in church sex assault case”<\/a>. KITV Island News<\/em>. 2023-07-20. Retrieved 2024-02-15.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
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