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\u6559\u7fa9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\u6094\u3044\u6539\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u8f38\u8840\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u30d0\u30d7\u30c6\u30b9\u30de\u6e08\u307f\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306f\u3001\u6559\u7fa9\u3092\u653e\u68c4\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u7d44\u7e54\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u65ad\u3063\u305f\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u6210\u54e1\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u5fcc\u907f\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002[10][12]\n\n\n\n

\u8840\u6db2\u3092\u4f34\u3046\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u533b\u7642\u51e6\u7f6e\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u8840\u6db2\u6559\u7fa9\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u7981\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u306f\u8d64\u8840\u7403\u3001\u767d\u8840\u7403\u3001\u8840\u5c0f\u677f\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8840\u6f3f\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4ed6\u65b9\u3001\u8840\u6db2\u7531\u6765\u306e\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u5206\u753b\u6210\u5206\u306f\u7981\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u306f\u3001\u56db\u3064\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u5206\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u304b\u3089\u6d3e\u751f\u3057\u305f\u88fd\u54c1\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u5206\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u3068\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u3088\u304f\u4f3c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u4f53\u5185\u3067\u751f\u547d\u7dad\u6301\u306e\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3082\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u300c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u306e\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c1\u30e3\u30f3\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u96e3\u3044\u3068\u611f\u3058\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[6] \u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u6559\u7fa9\u4e0a\u306e\u7981\u6b62\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u51e6\u7f6e\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u500b\u3005\u4eba\u304c\u533b\u7642\u5f93\u4e8b\u8005\u304b\u3089\u8a73\u7d30\u3092\u5f97\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3092\u4e0b\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[21]\n\n\n\n

\u7981\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u51e6\u7f6e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u533b\u7642\u51e6\u7f6e\u306f\u7981\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u540c\u7a2e\u5168\u8840\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u305d\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u6210\u5206\u3067\u3042\u308b\u8d64\u8840\u7403\u3001\u767d\u8840\u7403\u3001\u8840\u5c0f\u677f\u3001\u8840\u6f3f\u306e\u8f38\u8840\u3002[22]\n\n\n\n

\u8a31\u5bb9\u3055\u308c\u308b\u51e6\u7f6e\u304a\u3088\u3073\u88fd\u54c1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee: \u8840\u6db2\u4ee3\u66ff\u7269<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u51e6\u7f6e\u304a\u3088\u3073\u88fd\u54c1\u306f\u7981\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u5404\u6210\u54e1\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u306b\u59d4\u306d\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[23]\n\n\n\n

\u8d64\u8840\u7403\u3001\u767d\u8840\u7403\u3001\u8840\u5c0f\u677f\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8840\u6f3f\u3092\u3055\u3089\u306b\u5206\u753b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u307f\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3057\u305f\u732e\u8840\uff08\u540c\u7a2e\u8f38\u8840\u307e\u305f\u306f\u81ea\u5df1\u8f38\u8840\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u306b\u7528\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3082\uff09\u3002[22][24]\n\n\n\n

\u624b\u8853\u524d\u306b\u81ea\u5206\u3067\u732e\u8840\u3057\u305f\u8840\u6db2\u306b\u3088\u308b\u81ea\u5df1\u8f38\u8840\u3002[25]\n\n\n\n

\u300c\u7d99\u7d9a\u56de\u8def\u7642\u6cd5\uff08current therapy\uff09\u300d\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u8840\u8f38\u8840\u3002[20]\n\n\n\n

\u5e0c\u91c8\u5f0f\u81ea\u5df1\u8840\u8f38\u8840\uff08hemodilution\uff09\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u60a3\u8005\u306e\u5faa\u74b0\u7cfb\u306b\u5e38\u6642\u63a5\u7d9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u56de\u8def\u3068\u3057\u3066\u88c5\u7f6e\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u4fee\u6b63\u7248\u6280\u8853\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002[20]\n\n\n\n

\u8853\u4e2d\u81ea\u5df1\u8840\u56de\u53ce\uff08autologous blood salvage\uff09\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30bb\u30eb\u30bb\u30fc\u30d0\u30fc\u56de\u53ce\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5faa\u74b0\u7cfb\u304b\u3089\u6d41\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u8840\u6db2\u3092\u56de\u53ce\u3057\u3001\u6d17\u6d44\u3057\u3066\u518d\u6ce8\u5165\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002[20]\n\n\n\n

\u4eba\u5de5\u5fc3\u80ba\u88c5\u7f6e\uff08cardiopulmonary bypass\uff09\u3002\u8840\u6db2\u3092\u4eba\u5de5\u5fc3\u80ba\u6a5f\u306b\u8fc2\u56de\u3055\u305b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u60a3\u8005\u306b\u623b\u3059\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002[20]\n\n\n\n

\u900f\u6790\u3002\u8840\u6db2\u3092\u6a5f\u68b0\u306b\u5faa\u74b0\u3055\u305b\u3001\u308d\u904e\u30fb\u6d44\u5316\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u306b\u60a3\u8005\u3078\u623b\u3059\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002[20]\n\n\n\n

\u786c\u819c\u5916\u30d6\u30e9\u30c3\u30c9\u30d1\u30c3\u30c1\u3002\u60a3\u8005\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u5c11\u91cf\u306e\u8840\u6db2\u3092\u810a\u9ac4\u5468\u56f2\u306e\u819c\u3078\u6ce8\u5165\u3059\u308b\u51e6\u7f6e\u3002[20]\n\n\n\n

\u8840\u6f3f\u4ea4\u63db\u7642\u6cd5\uff08plasmapheresis\uff09\u3002\u8840\u6db2\u3092\u629c\u304d\u53d6\u308a\u3001\u8840\u6f3f\u3092\u9664\u53bb\u30fb\u7f6e\u63db\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u518d\u3073\u60a3\u8005\u3078\u623b\u3059\u51e6\u7f6e\u3002[20]\n\n\n\n

\u30e9\u30d9\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30bf\u30b0\u4ed8\u3051\u3002\u8840\u6db2\u3092\u629c\u304d\u53d6\u308a\u3001\u85ac\u5264\u3068\u6df7\u5408\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u60a3\u8005\u3078\u623b\u3059\u51e6\u7f6e\u3002[20][26]\n\n\n\n

\u8840\u5c0f\u677f\u30b2\u30eb\u3002\u8840\u6db2\u3092\u63a1\u53d6\u3057\u3001\u8840\u5c0f\u677f\u304a\u3088\u3073\u767d\u8840\u7403\u306b\u5bcc\u3080\u6eb6\u6db2\u3078\u52a0\u3048\u308b\u51e6\u7f6e\u3002[20]\n\n\n\n

\u8d64\u8840\u7403\u7531\u6765\u5206\u753b:
\u30d8\u30e2\u30b0\u30ed\u30d3\u30f3\uff08\u8d64\u8840\u7403\u306e\u9178\u7d20\u904b\u642c\u6210\u5206\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u767d\u8840\u7403\u7531\u6765\u5206\u753b:[22]
\u30a4\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u30d5\u30a7\u30ed\u30f3
\u30a4\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u30ed\u30a4\u30ad\u30f3<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8840\u5c0f\u677f\u7531\u6765\u5206\u753b:[22]
\u8840\u5c0f\u677f\u7b2c4\u56e0\u5b50<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8840\u6f3f\u7531\u6765\u5206\u753b:[22]
\u30a2\u30eb\u30d6\u30df\u30f3
\u30b0\u30ed\u30d6\u30ea\u30f3
\u30af\u30ea\u30aa\u30d7\u30ec\u30b7\u30d4\u30c6\u30fc\u30c8
\u30af\u30ea\u30aa\u4e0a\u6e05\uff08cryo-poor plasma\uff09[27]
\u51dd\u56fa\u56e0\u5b50\uff08\u4fdd\u5b58\u8840\u6db2\u3092\u5927\u91cf\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u308b\u7b2cVIII\u56e0\u5b50\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7b2cIX\u56e0\u5b50\u3092\u542b\u3080\uff09
\u5275\u50b7\u6cbb\u7652\u56e0\u5b50
\u30a8\u30ea\u30b9\u30ed\u30dd\u30a8\u30c1\u30f3\uff08EPO\uff09\u3002[22]\n\n\n\n

PolyHeme\u3002\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u6539\u5909\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30d2\u30c8\u30d8\u30e2\u30b0\u30ed\u30d3\u30f3\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u8840\u6db2\u4ee3\u66ff\u6db2\u3002[22]\n\n\n\n

Hemopure\u3002\u725b\u306e\u8840\u6db2\u7531\u6765\u306e\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u5b89\u5b9a\u5316\u30a6\u30b7\u30d8\u30e2\u30b0\u30ed\u30d3\u30f3\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u8840\u6db2\u4ee3\u66ff\u6db2\u3002[22]\n\n\n\n

\u7121\u8f38\u8840\u624b\u8853<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u8a18\u4e8b: Bloodless surgery<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10\u4e078\u5343\u4eba\u306e\u533b\u5e2b\u304c\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u5e0c\u671b\u3092\u5c0a\u91cd\u3057\u3001\u7121\u8f38\u8840\u6cbb\u7642\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u610f\u601d\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a[28]\u3001\u307e\u305f\u7d04200\u306e\u75c5\u9662\u304c\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u3092\u56de\u907f\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5236\u9650\u3057\u305f\u3044\u60a3\u8005\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u7121\u8f38\u8840\u533b\u7642\u30fb\u624b\u8853\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[28] \u7121\u8f38\u8840\u624b\u8853\u306f\u3001\u958b\u5fc3\u8853\u3084\u4eba\u5de5\u80a1\u95a2\u7bc0\u5168\u7f6e\u63db\u8853\u3092\u542b\u3080\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u624b\u8853\u3067\u6210\u529f\u88cf\u306b\u5b9f\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[29] 2012\u5e74\u306b\u300eJAMA Internal Medicine\u300f\u306b\u63b2\u8f09\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u306f\u3001\u300c\u8f38\u8840\u306e\u6709\u7121\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u9069\u5207\u306b\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8a3c\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f\u624b\u8853\u5408\u4f75\u75c7\u3084\u9577\u671f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u53b3\u683c\u306a\u8840\u6db2\u7ba1\u7406\u6226\u7565\u306f\u3001\u60a3\u8005\u306e\u9577\u671f\u751f\u5b58\u7387\u3092\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3055\u305b\u308b\u9ad8\u3044\u5371\u967a\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u300d\u3068\u7d50\u8ad6\u3065\u3051\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u300c\u8a3c\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306e\u751f\u5b58\u7387\u63a8\u5b9a\u5024\u306f\u3001\u8853\u5f8c5\u5e74\u300110\u5e74\u300115\u5e74\u300120\u5e74\u3067\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c86%\u300169%\u300151%\u300134%\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u975e\u8a3c\u4eba\u60a3\u8005\u3067\u306f\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c74%\u300153%\u300135%\u300123%\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3082\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[30]\n\n\n\n

\u7121\u8f38\u8840\u306e\u533b\u7642\u30fb\u5916\u79d1\u6280\u8853\u306b\u306f\u9650\u754c\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5916\u79d1\u533b\u3089\u306f\u3001\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u540c\u7a2e\u8840\u6db2\u88fd\u5264\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8853\u524d\u81ea\u5df1\u8840\u8f38\u8840\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u306f\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u60a3\u8005\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u9069\u5207\u306a\u6a19\u6e96\u6cbb\u7642\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[31][32] \u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u304c\u547d\u3092\u6551\u3046\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u6bb5\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u533b\u7642\u7dca\u6025\u4e8b\u614b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u6761\u3092\u5c0a\u91cd\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u4e0b\u3067\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u6700\u5584\u306e\u4ee3\u66ff\u6cbb\u7642\u3092\u533b\u5e2b\u306b\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[33] \u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u62d2\u5426\u5f8c\u306b\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3057\u305f\u6210\u54e1\u304c\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u8a8d\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[34]\n\n\n\n

\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u3084\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u3092\u542b\u3080\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u56fd\u3067\u306f\u3001\u89aa\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4fdd\u8b77\u8005\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u304c\u533b\u7642\u30b9\u30bf\u30c3\u30d5\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u8986\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u533b\u7642\u30b9\u30bf\u30c3\u30d5\u306f\u3001\u7dca\u6025\u3067\u306a\u3044\u72b6\u6cc1\u3067\u306f\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u547d\u4ee4\u3092\u53d6\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u307e\u305f\u7dca\u6025\u6642\u306b\u306f\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u547d\u4ee4\u306a\u3057\u3067\u3001\u672c\u4eba\u306e\u540c\u610f\u306a\u304f\u884c\u52d5\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002[35][36] \u65e5\u672c\u3067\u306f\u300115\u6b73\u672a\u6e80\u306e\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306b\u306f\u672c\u4eba\u304a\u3088\u3073\u89aa\u306e\u610f\u601d\u306b\u53cd\u3057\u3066\u8f38\u8840\u3092\u65bd\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u300115\u6b73\u304b\u308918\u6b73\u307e\u3067\u306e\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3001\u672c\u4eba\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u3082\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4fdd\u8b77\u8005\u306e\u4e00\u65b9\u304c\u51e6\u7f6e\u306b\u540c\u610f\u3059\u308c\u3070\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u6271\u3044\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002[37] \u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5c0f\u5150\u79d1\u5b66\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u300c\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306e\u751f\u547d\u306b\u5dee\u3057\u8feb\u3063\u305f\u5371\u967a\u300d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u533b\u5e2b\u306f\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u89aa\u306e\u53cd\u5bfe\u3092\u62bc\u3057\u5207\u3063\u3066\u4ecb\u5165\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3053\u3068\u3092\u63a8\u5968\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[38] \u30df\u30b7\u30ac\u30f3\u5dde\u63a7\u8a34\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001Werth v. Taylor\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7dca\u6025\u6642\u306b\u8a3c\u4eba\u3078\u6551\u547d\u8f38\u8840\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u533b\u5e2b\u306e\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002[39]\n\n\n\n

\u75c5\u9662\u9023\u7d61\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1988\u5e74\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u300c\u75c5\u9662\u60c5\u5831\u30b5\u30fc\u30d3\u30b9\uff08Hospital Information Services\uff09\u300d\u3092\u8a2d\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u306a\u3057\u3067\u8a3c\u4eba\u3078\u306e\u533b\u7642\u51e6\u7f6e\u3092\u884c\u3046\u610f\u601d\u306e\u3042\u308b\u533b\u5e2b\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5916\u79d1\u30c1\u30fc\u30e0\u3092\u63a2\u3059\u652f\u63f4\u3092\u884c\u3046\u90e8\u9580\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002[40] \u3053\u306e\u90e8\u9580\u306f\u3001\u5404\u652f\u90e8\u4e8b\u52d9\u6240\u306e\u300c\u75c5\u9662\u60c5\u5831\u30c7\u30b9\u30af\uff08Hospital Information Desk\uff09\u300d[41][42][43] \u304a\u3088\u3073\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5168\u571f\u306b\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f100\u306e\u75c5\u9662\u9023\u7d61\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\uff08Hospital Liaison Committees\uff09\u306e\u76e3\u7763\u3092\u62c5\u3063\u305f\u3002[33][44] 2003\u5e74\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u306e\u7d04200\u306e\u75c5\u9662\u304c\u7121\u8f38\u8840\u533b\u7642\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002[28] 2006\u5e74\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u306b1,535\u306e\u75c5\u9662\u9023\u7d61\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u300111\u4e07\u4eba\u306e\u533b\u5e2b\u3068\u306e\u9023\u7d61\u8abf\u6574\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[44][45] \u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306e\u9762\u524d\u3067\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u8840\u6db2\u88fd\u5264\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u305f\u60a3\u8005\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u7d44\u7e54\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u65ad\u3063\u305f\u8005\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u5fcc\u907f\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002[46] National Secular Society \u306f\u3001\u75c5\u9662\u304c\u75c5\u9662\u9023\u7d61\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u3068\u63d0\u643a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u533b\u7642\u4e0a\u306e\u5f37\u5236\u306b\u3064\u306a\u304c\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53cd\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[47]\n\n\n\n

\u75c5\u9662\u60c5\u5831\u30b5\u30fc\u30d3\u30b9\u306f\u3001\u7121\u8f38\u8840\u624b\u8853\u6cd5\u306e\u5229\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6709\u52b9\u6027\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u305f\u3081\u533b\u5b66\u96d1\u8a8c\u3092\u8abf\u67fb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[33] \u305d\u308c\u306f\u6cbb\u7642\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u3001\u5730\u57df\u306e\u75c5\u9662\u9023\u7d61\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u533b\u5e2b\u3084\u75c5\u9662\u3078\u914d\u5e03\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[45]\n\n\n\n

\u60a3\u8005\u8a2a\u554f\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

2004\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u6bce\u5e74\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u540c\u610f\u304c\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u5165\u9662\u3092\u77e5\u308a\u3001\u970a\u7684\u52b1\u307e\u3057\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u901a\u77e5\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[48] \u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u300c\u60a3\u8005\u8a2a\u554f\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\uff08Patient Visitation Group\uff09\u306e\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u304c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u6c0f\u540d\u306b\u30a2\u30af\u30bb\u30b9\u3067\u304d\u308b\u300d\u306e\u306f\u3001\u60a3\u8005\u304c\u533b\u7642\u4fdd\u967a\u306e\u643a\u884c\u6027\u3068\u8cac\u4efb\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08HIPAA\uff09\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u305d\u306e\u5e0c\u671b\u3092\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306e\u307f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002[49]\n\n\n\n

\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u652f\u90e8\u4e8b\u52d9\u6240\u306f\u3001\u300c\u75c5\u9662\u9023\u7d61\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\uff08HLC\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u60a3\u8005\u8a2a\u554f\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\uff08PVG\uff09\u306e\u6d3b\u52d5\u304b\u3089\u5229\u76ca\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u4f1a\u8846\u3078\u76f4\u63a5\u9023\u7d61\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[50] 2000\u5e74\u306e\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\u30bc\u30f3\u30c1\u30f3\u306b\u306f100\u4eba\u672a\u6e80\u306eHLC\u59d4\u54e1\u3057\u304b\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u300c\u533b\u7642\u754c\u306b\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u5831\u544a\u3057\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u300c\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306f\u3001\u60a3\u8005\u8a2a\u554f\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u4f55\u767e\u4eba\u3082\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u72a0\u7272\u7684\u306a\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u88dc\u5b8c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u8a3c\u4eba\u60a3\u8005\u3092\u8a2a\u554f\u3057\u3066\u52a9\u3051\u3068\u52b1\u307e\u3057\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u300d\u3068\u4ed8\u3051\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[51] \u5404\u652f\u90e8\u4e8b\u52d9\u6240\u306fPVG\u59d4\u54e1\u3092\u4efb\u547d\u3057\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u30dc\u30e9\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30a2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5949\u4ed5\u3059\u308b\u3002[52][53]\n\n\n\n

\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u5185\u3067\u306e\u53d7\u5bb9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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1958\u5e74\u3001\u300e\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u300f\u8a8c\u306f\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306e\u6559\u7fa9\u306b\u53cd\u3057\u3066\u81ea\u767a\u7684\u306b\u8f38\u8840\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u6210\u54e1\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u5831\u544a\u3057\u305f\u3002[58] \u7d44\u7e54\u306f\u30011961\u5e74\u306b\u6545\u610f\u306e\u8f38\u8840\u53d7\u5bb9\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u5fcc\u907f\u653f\u7b56\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u3082\u3001\u6210\u54e1\u304c\u8f38\u8840\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[59][60]\n\n\n\n

1982\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u300159\u4eba\u306e\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u4f1a\u8846\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u305f\u67fb\u8aad\u4ed8\u304d\u4e8b\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u3001Larry J. Findley \u533b\u5e2b\u304a\u3088\u3073 Paul M. Redstone \u533b\u5e2b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u884c\u308f\u308c\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8840\u6db2\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u304c\u8a55\u4fa1\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u300c\u3053\u306e\u4f1a\u8846\u306e\u6210\u54e1\u306f\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u8840\u6db2\u88fd\u5264\u306e\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u62d2\u5426\u306b\u65ad\u56fa\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u2026\u2026\u3002\u62d2\u5426\u304c\u6b7b\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u6210\u54e1\u306f\u4e00\u4eba\u3082\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u540c\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u30017\u4eba\u306e\u56de\u7b54\u8005\u304c\u8840\u6f3f\u79fb\u690d\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u610f\u601d\u304c\u3042\u308a\u30011\u4eba\u304c\u81ea\u5df1\u8f38\u8840\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u610f\u601d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u3044\u305a\u308c\u3082\u5f53\u6642\u306e\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u6559\u7fa9\u3067\u306f\u7981\u3058\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u7642\u6cd5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u3089\u306f\u3001\u300c\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u6210\u54e1\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6559\u7fa9\u3078\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u4e0d\u8db3\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5f93\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3078\u306e\u62d2\u5426\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u30b3\u30e1\u30f3\u30c8\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u56de\u7b54\u8005\u306e\u9023\u7d61\u5148\u304c\u4f1a\u8846\u306e\u9577\u8001\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u63d0\u4f9b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u56de\u7b54\u5185\u5bb9\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002[61] \u533b\u7642\u8a18\u9332\u3092\u8abf\u67fb\u3057\u305f\u5225\u306e\u67fb\u8aad\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3082\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8f38\u8840\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u308b\u610f\u5411\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u304c\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u82e5\u5e74\u6210\u4eba\u306b\u3082\u8f38\u8840\u53d7\u5bb9\u3078\u306e\u610f\u601d\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002[54] \u307e\u305f\u5225\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u306f\u3001\u51fa\u7523\u76ee\u7684\u3067\u6765\u9662\u3057\u305f\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u60a3\u8005\u304c\u3001\u4f55\u3089\u304b\u306e\u8840\u6db2\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8840\u6db2\u88fd\u5264\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u308b\u610f\u5411\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u60a3\u8005\u306e\u3046\u306110%\u306f\u5168\u8840\u8f38\u8840\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u305f\u3002[55]\n\n\n\n

\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u306f\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u5185\u3067\u306f\u6210\u54e1\u306e\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u304c\u516c\u5f0f\u6559\u7fa9\u3068\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u3042\u308b\u3068\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[62] \u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7d44\u7e54\u306e\u516c\u5f0f\u306a\u8840\u6db2\u65b9\u91dd\u53d7\u5bb9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001Cynthia Gyamfi \u533b\u5e2b\u304a\u3088\u3073 Richard Berkowitz \u533b\u5e2b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u3069\u306e\u5b97\u6559\u96c6\u56e3\u3067\u3082\u3001\u6559\u7fa9\u306b\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u304f\u5168\u54e1\u304c\u5168\u304f\u540c\u3058\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3092\u5171\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u4eee\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u5e7c\u7a1a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3001\u30e6\u30c0\u30e4\u4eba\u3001\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u5f92\u306e\u9593\u306b\u5927\u304d\u306a\u500b\u4eba\u5dee\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3088\u304f\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u306a\u305c\u305d\u308c\u304c\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306b\u3082\u5f53\u3066\u306f\u307e\u3089\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304b\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[63]\n\n\n\n

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\u6559\u7fa9\u306e\u6b74\u53f2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1931\u5e74\u306b\u300cJehovah\u2019s witnesses\uff08\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u540d\u79f0\u304c\u63a1\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u4ee5\u964d[65]\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306e\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u306f\u3001\u5275\u8a2d\u8005\u30c1\u30e3\u30fc\u30eb\u30ba\u30fb\u30c6\u30a4\u30ba\u30fb\u30e9\u30c3\u30bb\u30eb\u306e\u898b\u89e3\u2015\u2015\u4f7f\u5f9215:19\u201329\u306e\u300c\u8840\u3092\u98df\u3079\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f7f\u5f92\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u306f\u3001\u7570\u90a6\u4eba\u6539\u5b97\u8005\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u300c\u63d0\u6848\u300d\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\u2015\u2015\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002[66][67] \u30b8\u30e7\u30bb\u30d5\u30fb\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30ea\u30f3\u30fb\u30e9\u30b6\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30c9\u4f1a\u9577\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u306f\u3001\u8840\u6db2\u306e\u5546\u696d\u7684\u5229\u7528\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7dca\u6025\u533b\u7642\u3067\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u3092\u79f0\u8cdb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002[68][69] \u300eThe Golden Age\u300f1925\u5e74\u53f7\u306f\u3001\u7121\u511f\u306745\u56de\u732e\u8840\u3057\u305f\u7537\u6027\u3092\u79f0\u8cdb\u3057\u305f\u3002[70] 1927\u5e74\u306e\u300e\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u300f\u8a8c\u306f\u3001\u8a73\u3057\u3044\u8aac\u660e\u306f\u52a0\u3048\u305a\u306b\u3001\u5275\u4e16\u8a189\u7ae0\u3067\u795e\u304c\u30ce\u30a2\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5b50\u5b6b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u300c\u547d\u306f\u8840\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3086\u3048\u3001\u8840\u3092\u98df\u3079\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u547d\u3058\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002[71] 1940\u5e74\u3001\u300eConsolation\u300f\u8a8c\u306f\u3001\u8aa4\u3063\u3066\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u5fc3\u81d3\u3092\u30ea\u30dc\u30eb\u30d0\u30fc\u3067\u6483\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u5973\u6027\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u5831\u3058\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u5973\u306f\u3001\u5927\u624b\u8853\u4e2d\u306b\u62c5\u5f53\u533b\u304c\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u8840\u6db2\u30921\u30af\u30a9\u30fc\u30c8\u732e\u8840\u3057\u3066\u8f38\u8840\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u751f\u9084\u3057\u305f\u3002[72]\n\n\n\n

1944\u5e74\u3001\u30cd\u30a4\u30b5\u30f3\u30fb\u30db\u30fc\u30de\u30fc\u30fb\u30ce\u30a2\u4f1a\u9577\u306e\u4e0b\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u300e\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u300f\u8a8c\u3067\u3001\u5275\u4e16\u8a189:4\u304a\u3088\u3073\u30ec\u30d3\u8a1817:10\u201314\u306e\u547d\u4ee4\u306f\u3001\u8056\u66f8\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8f38\u8840\u3067\u3042\u308c\u7d4c\u53e3\u6442\u53d6\u3067\u3042\u308c\u8840\u3092\u98df\u3079\u305f\u308a\u98f2\u3093\u3060\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7981\u3058\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u300c\u4eca\u65e5\u3001\u4e3b\u306e\u300e\u307b\u304b\u306e\u7f8a\u300f\u306e\u300e\u30e8\u30ca\u30c0\u30d6\u300f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b\u732e\u8eab\u3057\u305f\u5584\u610f\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u3082\u970a\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u3067\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300d\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3002[73]\n\n\n\n

1945\u5e749\u6708\u3001\u30aa\u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u306e\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u4ee3\u8868\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u30aa\u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u8a9e\u7248\u300eConsolation\u300f\u8a8c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8f38\u8840\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8ad6\u8a55\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u82f1\u8a33\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8aad\u3081\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e88\u9632\u63a5\u7a2e\u3092\u62d2\u5426\u3057\u305f\u305f\u3081\u306b\u547d\u3092\u5931\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u540d\u3092\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3059\u308b\u8a3c\u3057\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u795e\u306f\u85ac\u7269\u3001\u4e88\u9632\u63a5\u7a2e\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u3092\u7981\u3058\u308b\u898f\u5247\u3092\u4e00\u5ea6\u3082\u5236\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u30d1\u30ea\u30b5\u30a4\u4eba\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u6190\u308c\u307f\u3068\u611b\u3092\u8107\u3078\u8ffd\u3044\u3084\u308b\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u767a\u660e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002[74]\n\n\n\n

\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u8005\u30ea\u30c1\u30e3\u30fc\u30c9\u30fb\u30b7\u30f3\u30b2\u30ec\u30f3\u30d6\u30ec\u30d5\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u30aa\u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u8a9e\u7248\u300eConsolation\u300f\u306b\u63b2\u8f09\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3053\u306e\u58f0\u660e\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u306e\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u672c\u90e8\u304c1945\u5e747\u6708\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u7248\u300eConsolation\u300f\u306b\u63b2\u8f09\u3057\u305f\u6559\u7fa9\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3092\u77e5\u3089\u306a\u3044\u307e\u307e\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002[75]\n\n\n\n

1945\u5e74\u3001\u8840\u6db2\u6559\u7fa9\u306e\u9069\u7528\u7bc4\u56f2\u306f\u62e1\u5927\u3055\u308c\u3001\u540c\u7a2e\u30fb\u81ea\u5df1\u3092\u554f\u308f\u305a\u5168\u8840\u8f38\u8840\u304c\u7981\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002[76] \u3053\u306e\u7981\u6b62\u306b\u306f\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u53d7\u5bb9\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u61f2\u7f70\u63aa\u7f6e\u306f\u660e\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304c\u30011961\u5e741\u6708\u307e\u3067\u306b\u2015\u2015\u5f8c\u306b\u300c\u53b3\u683c\u5316\u306e\u9069\u7528\u300d\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u2015\u2015\u826f\u5fc3\u7684\u306b\u8f38\u8840\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u6392\u65a5\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u9055\u53cd\u884c\u70ba\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u88c1\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002[59][77] \u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u300c\u732e\u8eab\u3057\u305f\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c1\u30e3\u30f3\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6c38\u9060\u306e\u547d\u3092\u72a0\u7272\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305f\u3060\u5373\u6642\u304b\u3064\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u547d\u3092\u5ef6\u3070\u3059\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3046\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8b66\u544a\u3057\u305f\u3002[78]\n\n\n\n

1956\u5e749\u6708\u3001\u300eAwake!\u300f\u8a8c\u306f\u3001\u300c\u3042\u308b\u7a2e\u306e\u8840\u6db2\u5206\u753b\u3082\u307e\u305f\u3001\u8056\u66f8\u7684\u7981\u6b62\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002[79] \u300c\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u8840\u6db2\u5206\u753b\u300d\u306b\u53cd\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7acb\u5834\u306f\u30011961\u5e749\u6708\u306b\u3082\u518d\u78ba\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002[80] \u540c\u5e7411\u6708\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6559\u7fa9\u306f\u4fee\u6b63\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30ef\u30af\u30c1\u30f3\u63a5\u7a2e\u306a\u3069\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u3067\u8840\u6db2\u304b\u3089\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5206\u753b\u3092\u826f\u5fc3\u7684\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u3001\u500b\u3005\u306e\u6210\u54e1\u304c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002[81] \u3053\u306e\u7acb\u5834\u306f\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3055\u3089\u306b\u62e1\u5927\u3055\u308c\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u304c\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u5b9a\u578b\u306e\u6c38\u7d9a\u7684\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\uff08Durable Power of Attorney\uff09\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u304c\u300c\u8840\u6db2\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u304b\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u5206\u304b\u3089\u6d3e\u751f\u3057\u305f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5206\u753b\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u308b\u300d\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[82]\n\n\n\n

1964\u5e74\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306f\u3001\u30da\u30c3\u30c8\u3078\u306e\u8f38\u8840\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u8840\u6db2\u3092\u542b\u3080\u80a5\u6599\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7981\u3058\u3089\u308c\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\uff08\u3082\u3057\u826f\u5fc3\u304c\u554f\u984c\u8996\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3089\uff09\u30da\u30c3\u30c8\u30d5\u30fc\u30c9\u88fd\u9020\u696d\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u88fd\u54c1\u304c\u7121\u8840\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u66f8\u9762\u3067\u554f\u3044\u5408\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3088\u3046\u52a9\u8a00\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002[83] \u540c\u5e74\u5f8c\u534a\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u3067\u3042\u308b\u533b\u5e2b\u307e\u305f\u306f\u770b\u8b77\u5e2b\u306f\u3001\u540c\u3058\u304f\u732e\u8eab\u3057\u305f\u6210\u54e1\u306b\u8f38\u8840\u3092\u65bd\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u975e\u6210\u54e1\u3078\u306e\u8f38\u8840\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300e\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u300f\u8a8c\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306f\u300c\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c1\u30e3\u30f3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u533b\u5e2b\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u826f\u5fc3\u306b\u59d4\u306d\u3089\u308c\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002[84]\n\n\n\n

1982\u5e74\u3001\u300e\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u300f\u8a8c\u306e\u8a18\u4e8b\u306f\u3001\u8840\u6db2\u306e\u795e\u8056\u3055\u3086\u3048\u306b\u3001\u533b\u7642\u51e6\u7f6e\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30d2\u30eb\u306b\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u8840\u3092\u5438\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u8a3c\u4eba\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002[85]\n\n\n\n

1989\u5e74\u3001\u300e\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u300f\u8a8c\u306f\u3001\u5e0c\u91c8\u5f0f\u81ea\u5df1\u8840\u8f38\u8840\uff08hemodilution\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u81ea\u5df1\u8840\u56de\u53ce\uff08cell saver\uff09\u51e6\u7f6e\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300c\u5404\u500b\u4eba\u304c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002[21] 1990\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300eHow Can Blood Save Your Life?\uff08\u8840\u6db2\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u547d\u3092\u6551\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\uff1f\uff09\u300f\u3068\u984c\u3059\u308b\u518a\u5b50\u304c\u767a\u884c\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u8840\u6db2\u6559\u7fa9\u304c\u6982\u8aac\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2000\u5e74\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306e\u8840\u6db2\u5206\u753b\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7acb\u5834\u306f\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u8868\u660e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002[22] \u6210\u54e1\u306f\u3001\u5206\u753b\u53d7\u5bb9\u304c\u8840\u6db2\u6559\u7fa9\u306b\u9055\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u306b\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u6307\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u5f8c\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306f\u732e\u8840\u3082\u624b\u8853\u524d\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u8840\u4fdd\u5b58\u3082\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304c\u518d\u78ba\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002[20]\n\n\n\n

2001\u5e745\u6708\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u8840\u6db2\u6559\u7fa9\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u533b\u7642\u6307\u793a\u66f8\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8eab\u5206\u8a3c\u30ab\u30fc\u30c9\u3092\u6539\u8a02\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6539\u8a02\u7248\u306f2001\u5e745\u67083\u65e5\u304b\u3089\u914d\u5e03\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002[86] \u3053\u308c\u3089\u6539\u8a02\u6587\u66f8\u3067\u306f\u3001\u300c\u540c\u7a2e\u8840\u8f38\u8840\uff08allogeneic blood transfusions\uff09\u300d\u304c\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u660e\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u305f\u304c\u3001\u4ee5\u524d\u306e1999\u5e74\u7248\u6587\u66f8\u3067\u306f\u5358\u306b\u300c\u8f38\u8840\uff08blood transfusions\uff09\u300d\u304c\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u8a18\u8f09\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u30022001\u5e74\u6539\u8a02\u7248\u6587\u66f8\u306f2001\u5e7412\u670820\u65e5\u307e\u3067\u6709\u52b9\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u6539\u8a02\u6587\u66f8\u3092\u64a4\u56de\u3057\u3001\u300c\u3055\u3089\u306a\u308b\u691c\u8a0e\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u300emd-E 6\/01\u300f\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300eic-E 6\/01\u300f\u306e\u65e5\u4ed8\u304c\u3042\u308b\u30ab\u30fc\u30c9\u306f\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u306a\u3044\u3068\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u54c1\u76ee\u306f\u7834\u68c4\u3057\u3001\u4f1d\u9053\u8005\u306b\u914d\u5e03\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002\u9577\u8001\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u53e4\u30441999\u5e74\u7248\u306e\u533b\u7642\u6307\u793a\u66f8\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8eab\u5206\u8a3c\u30ab\u30fc\u30c9\u3078\u623b\u3059\u3088\u3046\u6307\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002[87]\n\n\n\n

2026\u5e743\u670820\u65e5\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u65b9\u91dd\u306f\u6539\u8a02\u3055\u308c\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u3092\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306e\u3042\u308b\u533b\u7642\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5916\u79d1\u624b\u8853\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u8840\u6db2\u3092\u63a1\u53d6\u30fb\u4fdd\u5b58\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002[88]\n\n\n\n

\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306e\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u306f\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u983b\u7e41\u306b\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1951\u5e74\u306e\u300e\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u300f\u8a8c\u306f\u3001\u300c\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6551\u4e16\u4e3b\u30b3\u30f3\u30d7\u30ec\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u3092\u6301\u3064\u8f38\u8840\u63a8\u9032\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u304c\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u5bb3\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3057\u3001\u75c5\u6c17\u3092\u5e83\u3081\u3001\u983b\u7e41\u306b\u6b7b\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u719f\u8003\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f\u516c\u8868\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002[89]\n\n\n\n

1961\u5e74\u306e\u300e\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u300f\u8a8c\u306e\u8a18\u4e8b\u306f\u3001\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u306e\u5916\u79d1\u533b\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30b3\u30fb\u30f4\u30a1\u30ec\u30ea\u30aa\u535a\u58eb\u306e\u767a\u8a00\u3092\u5f15\u7528\u3057\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u300c\u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u72c2\u6c17\u3001\u6027\u7684\u5012\u932f\u3001\u6291\u5727\u3001\u52a3\u7b49\u611f\u3001\u5c0f\u72af\u7f6a\u300d\u304c\u7d9a\u304f\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u30a2\u30ed\u30f3\u30be\u30fb\u30b8\u30a7\u30a4\u30fb\u30b7\u30e3\u30c9\u30de\u30f3\u535a\u58eb\u304c\u3001\u300c\u4eba\u306e\u8840\u6db2\u306b\u306f\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u7279\u6027\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u2026\u2026\uff3b\u907a\u4f1d\u7684\u6b20\u9665\u3001\u75c5\u6c17\u3078\u306e\u611f\u53d7\u6027\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u30fb\u98f2\u98df\u7fd2\u6163\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6bd2\u7d20\u3092\u542b\u3080\uff3d\u2026\u2026\u81ea\u6bba\u3001\u6bba\u4eba\u3001\u7a83\u76d7\u3078\u306e\u885d\u52d5\u3092\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3059\u6bd2\u7d20\u306f\u8840\u6db2\u4e2d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5f15\u7528\u3057\u305f\u3002[90]\n\n\n\n

1969\u5e74\u3001\u300eAwake!\u300f\u8a8c\u306f\u3001\u30ed\u30d0\u30fc\u30c8\u30fb\u30b3\u30fc\u30ea\u30fc\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7537\u6027\u304c\u8f38\u8840\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u300c\u56de\u5fa9\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u79c1\u306f\u3072\u3069\u304f\u76d7\u307f\u305f\u3044\u6b32\u671b\u3092\u611f\u3058\u305f\u300d\u3068\u8a9e\u3063\u305f\u3068\u5831\u3058\u305f\u3002[91]\n\n\n\n

1974\u5e74\u3001\u300eAwake!\u300f\u8a8c\u306f\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u5bfe\u7b56\u30bb\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\uff08CDC\uff09\u306e\u5831\u544a\u3092\u5f15\u7528\u3057\u3001\u5e74\u9593\u6700\u592735,000\u4eba\u306e\u6b7b\u4ea1\u306850\u4e07\u4eba\u306e\u75be\u75c5\u304c\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u7528\u8840\u6db2\u4e2d\u306e\u8840\u6e05\u809d\u708e\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u306b\u8d77\u56e0\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002[92]\n\n\n\n

2006\u5e74\u306e\u300eAwake!\u300f\u8a8c\u306f\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u95a2\u9023\u6025\u6027\u80ba\u969c\u5bb3\uff08TRALI\uff09\u306e\u5371\u967a\u6027\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u305f\u3002[93]\n\n\n\n

\u6279\u5224\u7684\u898b\u89e3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u8f38\u8840\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u306e\u6559\u7fa9\u3078\u306e\u53cd\u5bfe\u306f\u3001\u6210\u54e1\u3068\u975e\u6210\u54e1\u306e\u53cc\u65b9\u304b\u3089\u751f\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002Associated Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses for Reform on Blood\uff08AJWRB\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b\u53cd\u5bfe\u6d3e\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306e\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u306f\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u7981\u6b62\u306b\u306f\u8056\u66f8\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3001\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u65b9\u91dd\u306e\u5909\u66f4\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[13] \u300eJournal of Medical Ethics\u300f\u306e\u4e00\u9023\u306e\u8a18\u4e8b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001AJWRB\u306e\u533b\u7642\u9867\u554f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u795e\u7d4c\u5b66\u8005\u30fb\u6751\u672c\u4fee\u306f\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u62d2\u5426\u3078\u306e\u5f37\u5236\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u5f7c\u304c\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u554f\u984c\u3001\u6559\u7fa9\u4e0a\u306e\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8f38\u8840\u306e\u5371\u967a\u6027\u3092\u8a87\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u9078\u629e\u7684\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u5229\u7528\u3001\u6642\u4ee3\u9045\u308c\u306e\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u306a\u3069\u306e\u8ad6\u70b9\u3092\u63d0\u8d77\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[94][95][9]\n\n\n\n

\u8056\u53e5\u89e3\u91c8<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u53cd\u5bfe\u6d3e\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u8f38\u8840\u53cd\u5bfe\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5354\u4f1a\u304c\u30ec\u30d3\u8a1817:12\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068[96][97]\u306f\u3001\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u5f92\u306f\u30e2\u30fc\u30bb\u5f8b\u6cd5\u306e\u4e0b\u306b\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5354\u4f1a\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u6559\u3048\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[98][94] \u795e\u5b66\u8005\u30a2\u30f3\u30bd\u30cb\u30fc\u30fb\u30db\u30fc\u30b1\u30de\u306f\u3001\u30ec\u30d3\u8a18\u306e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u3067\u7981\u3058\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u8840\u306f\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u8840\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u52d5\u7269\u306e\u8840\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f7c\u306f\u3001\u4f7f\u5f9215\u7ae0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8840\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3068\u306e\u6307\u793a\u306f\u3001\u6c38\u9060\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30e6\u30c0\u30e4\u4eba\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c1\u30e3\u30f3\u3068\u7570\u90a6\u4eba\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c1\u30e3\u30f3\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306e\u5e73\u548c\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u624b\u6bb5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u610f\u56f3\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3068\u3059\u308b\u4ed6\u306e\u8457\u8005\u3089\u3082\u5f15\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[99][100] \u5f7c\u306f\u3001\u8840\u3092\u98df\u3079\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7981\u3058\u308b\u8056\u53e5\u4e0a\u306e\u7981\u6b62\u3092\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u8840\u6db2\u306e\u533b\u7642\u7684\u8f38\u8840\u3092\u7981\u3058\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u8a3c\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u304c\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3001\u300c\u4e0d\u6761\u7406\u306a\u5b57\u7fa9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[101]\n\n\n\n

\u5f37\u5236<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\u9078\u629e\u7684\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u5229\u7528<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\u6642\u4ee3\u9045\u308c\u306e\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\u6751\u672c\u306f\u3001\u8840\u6f3f\u306e\u500b\u3005\u306e\u6210\u5206\u3059\u3079\u3066\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u6442\u53d6\u3057\u306a\u3044\u9650\u308a\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u306e\u65b9\u91dd\u3092\u3001\u7279\u7570\u3067\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[94] \u5f7c\u306f\u3001\u5354\u4f1a\u304c\u3001\u7981\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6cbb\u7642\u3068\u300c\u826f\u5fc3\u306e\u554f\u984c\u300d\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6cbb\u7642\u3092\u533a\u5225\u3059\u308b\u8056\u66f8\u7684\u8aac\u660e\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3001\u305d\u306e\u533a\u5225\u306f\u3001\u7d71\u6cbb\u4f53\u306e\u6063\u610f\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306e\u307f\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u8a3c\u4eba\u306f\u305d\u308c\u304c\u8056\u66f8\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u771f\u7406\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u3067\u53b3\u683c\u306b\u5f93\u308f\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[94] \u5f7c\u306f\u3001\u8840\u6db2\u91cf\u306e1%\u3092\u5360\u3081\u308b\u767d\u8840\u7403\u304a\u3088\u30730.17%\u3092\u5360\u3081\u308b\u8840\u5c0f\u677f\u304c\u7981\u3058\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u8840\u6db2\u91cf\u306e2.2%\u3092\u5360\u3081\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\u30d6\u30df\u30f3\u304c\u8a31\u53ef\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7406\u7531\u3092\u554f\u3044\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[94] \u307e\u305f\u3001\u732e\u8840\u304a\u3088\u3073\u81ea\u5df1\u8f38\u8840\u7528\u306e\u8840\u6db2\u4fdd\u5b58\u304c\u8aa4\u308a\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u304c\u3001\u8a3c\u4eba\u304c\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u524d\u306b\u732e\u8840\u30fb\u4fdd\u5b58\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u8840\u6db2\u6210\u5206\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u3092\u8a31\u53ef\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7406\u7531\u3082\u554f\u3044\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[95] \u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u8a3c\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f\u8840\u3092\u795e\u8056\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3001\u751f\u547d\u3092\u8c61\u5fb4\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u8c61\u5fb4\u304c\u8868\u3059\u73fe\u5b9f\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3088\u308a\u3082\u8c61\u5fb4\u3092\u91cd\u8996\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u4eba\u3092\u6b7b\u306a\u305b\u308b\u899a\u609f\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u306f\u306a\u305c\u304b\u3001\u3068\u7591\u554f\u3092\u5448\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[95]\n\n\n\n

\u30b1\u30ea\u30fc\u30fb\u30e9\u30a6\u30c0\u30fc\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\uff1d\u30a6\u30c3\u30c9\u306f\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8840\u6db2\u5206\u753b\u3092\u3001\u5168\u8840\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u300c\u5fae\u91cf\u300d\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306f\u4fe1\u8005\u306b\u3001\u8a31\u53ef\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5206\u753b\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u3068\u898f\u6a21\u3092\u8aa4\u89e3\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[108]\n\n\n\n

\u3082\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5854\u5354\u4f1a\u306e\u5fdc\u7b54\u306f\u3001\u672c\u5f53\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306f\u6db2\u4f53\u305d\u308c\u81ea\u4f53\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u795e\u3078\u306e\u656c\u610f\u3068\u5f93\u9806\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002[81][115] \u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u3001\u656c\u610f\u3092\u793a\u3059\u884c\u70ba\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8840\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u539f\u5247\u306f\u3001\u6210\u54e1\u304c\u306a\u304a\u591a\u5c11\u306e\u8840\u3092\u542b\u3080\u8089\u3092\u98df\u3079\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a31\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3002\u52d5\u7269\u304b\u3089\u8840\u304c\u629c\u304b\u308c\u305f\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u3001\u795e\u3078\u306e\u656c\u610f\u306f\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8089\u306b\u5c11\u91cf\u306e\u8840\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3082\u4eba\u306f\u98df\u3079\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002[81] \u8089\u3068\u8840\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u898b\u89e3\u306f\u3001\u5c11\u91cf\u306e\u8840\u306e\u75d5\u8de1\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5927\u304d\u306a\u52aa\u529b\u3092\u6255\u3046\u30b3\u30fc\u30b7\u30e3\u3092\u5b88\u308b\u30e6\u30c0\u30e4\u6559\u5f92\u306e\u898b\u89e3\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002[116][117]\n\n\n\n

References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1.  Keep Yourself in God’s Love<\/em>. Watch Tower Society. 2008. p. 77.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2.  “Acts 15:29”<\/a>. NET Bible<\/em>. 2014. that you abstain from meat that has been sacrificed to idols and from blood and from what has been strangled and from sexual immorality. If you keep yourselves from doing these things, you will do well. Farewell.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3.  Brachear, Manya A. (October 9, 2012). “More doctors honor religious objections to blood transfusions”<\/a>. Chicago Tribune<\/em>. Archived<\/a> from the original on November 3, 2012.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4.  Evans, Allan S.; Moynes, Riley E.; Martinello, Larry (1973). What man Believes: A study of the World’s Great Faiths<\/em>. McGraw-Hill Ryerson. p. 361. ISBN<\/a> 978-0-07-077440-7<\/bdi><\/a>. Two elements of belief are probably better known than any other among non-Witnesses. One is the refusal to fight in war … the other well-known belief is the refusal to accept blood transfusions.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5.  How Can Blood Save Your Life?<\/em>. Watch Tower Society. 1990. pp. 3\u20137.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6.  “Be Guided by the Living God”. The Watchtower<\/em>. June 15, 2004. pp. 19\u201324.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  7.  “Godly Respect for Blood”. The Watchtower<\/em>. September 1, 1986. p. 25.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  8.  Dixon, J. Lowell (November 27, 1981). “Jehovah’s Witnesses: The Surgical\/Ethical Challenge”. JAMA<\/em>. 246<\/strong> (21): 2471\u20132472. doi<\/a>:10.1001\/jama.1981.03320210037021<\/a>. PMID<\/a> 7299971<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  9.  Muramoto, O (December 1999). “Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah’s Witnesses: Part 3. A proposal for a don’t-ask-don’t-tell policy”<\/a>. Journal of Medical Ethics<\/em>. 25<\/strong> (6): 463\u20138. doi<\/a>:10.1136\/jme.25.6.463<\/a>. PMC<\/a> 479294<\/a>. PMID<\/a> 10635499<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  10.  Muramoto, O. (January 6, 2001). “Bioethical aspects of the recent changes in the policy of refusal of blood by Jehovah’s Witnesses”<\/a>. BMJ<\/em>. 322<\/strong> (7277): 37\u201339. doi<\/a>:10.1136\/bmj.322.7277.37<\/a>. PMC<\/a> 1119307<\/a>. PMID<\/a> 11141155<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  11.  Little, Jane (June 14, 2000). “Jehovah’s Witnesses drop transfusion ban”<\/a>. BBC News. Archived<\/a> from the original on June 18, 2004. Retrieved May 11, 2010.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  12.  Jehovah’s Witnesses Public Affairs Office press release, June 14, 2000.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  13.  Elder, Lee (2000). “Why some Jehovah’s Witnesses accept blood and conscientiously reject official Watchtower Society blood policy”<\/a>. Journal of Medical Ethics<\/em>. 26<\/strong> (5): 375\u2013380. doi<\/a>:10.1136\/jme.26.5.375<\/a>. PMC<\/a> 1733296<\/a>. PMID<\/a> 11055042<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  14.  Blackwell, Tom (December 20, 2012). “Without fanfare, Jehovah’s Witnesses quietly soften position on blood transfusions”<\/a>. National Post<\/em>. Retrieved December 28, 2012.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  15.  Smith, Stephen. “Jehovah’s Witnesses defend hospital visits that push for bloodless treatment”<\/a>. CBC News<\/em>. Retrieved September 13, 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  16.  How Can Blood Save Your Life<\/em>. Watch Tower Society. 1990. p. 24. God told all mankind that they must not eat blood. Why? Because blood represents life.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  17.  “The Real Value of Blood”. Awake!<\/em>. August 2006. p. 11. He also gave them his reason, equating blood with the soul, or life, of the creature. He later said: ‘The soul [or life] is in the blood.’ In the eyes of the Creator, blood is sacred. It represents the precious gift of life that each living soul possesses.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  18.  “Questions From Readers”. The Watchtower<\/em>. February 1, 1997. p. 29.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  19.  “Godly Respect for Life and Blood”. The Watchtower<\/em>. June 1, 1969. pp. 326\u2013327.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  20.  “Questions From Readers”. The Watchtower<\/em>. October 15, 2000. pp. 30\u201331.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  21.  “Questions From Readers”. The Watchtower<\/em>. March 1, 1989. pp. 30\u201331.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  22.  “Questions From Readers”. The Watchtower<\/em>. June 15, 2000. pp. 29\u201331.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  23.  “How Do I View Blood Fractions and Medical Procedures Involving My Own Blood?”. Our Kingdom Ministry<\/em>. November 1, 2006. pp. 3\u20134.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  24.  Jehovah’s Witness letter to Cliff Roche, July 30, 2001 (Published in the book Three Dissertations on the Teachings of Jehovah’s Witnesses<\/em>, by Greg Stafford, 2002 ISBN<\/a> 0-9659814-2-8<\/bdi><\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  25.  “Jehovah’s Witnesses ease policy on transfusions, allowing storage and use of one’s own blood”<\/a>. AP News<\/em>. March 20, 2026. Retrieved March 21, 2026.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  26.  Anonymous (2005). “Instructions for Filling In the Advance Decision Document”. Letter to Jehovah’s Witness congregations. Watch Tower Society. p. 1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  27.  West, James (2011). “Informed Refusal \u2014 the Jehovah’s Witness Patient”. Clinical Ethics in Anesthesiology: A Case-Based Textbook<\/em>. Cambridge University Press: 19\u201326.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  28.  Ariga et al., Legal Medicine, 5 (2003) S72-S75.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  29.  “RWJUH: Bloodless Surgery”<\/a>. Archived from the original<\/a> on August 28, 2005. Retrieved March 1, 2006., “The University Center for Bloodless Surgery and Medicine at University Hospital, Newark, NJ”<\/a>. Archived from the original<\/a> on April 6, 2006. Retrieved March 1, 2006., “Bloodless Case Studies: The University Center for Bloodless Surgery and Medicine at University Hospital in Newark, NJ”<\/a>. Archived from the original<\/a> on May 2, 2006. Retrieved March 1, 2006. “Blood Conservation, Alternatives and Avoidance”<\/a>. NoBlood.org<\/em>. Archived from the original<\/a> on April 5, 2004. \u2014successful cases of bloodless surgery.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  30.  Pattakos, Gregory; Koch, Colleen G.; Brizzio, Mariano E.; Batizy, Lillian H.; Sabik, Joseph F.; Blackstone, Eugene H.; Lauer, Michael S. (2012). “Outcome of Patients Who Refuse Transfusion After Cardiac Surgery”. JAMA Internal Medicine<\/em>. 172<\/strong> (15): 1154\u201360. doi<\/a>:10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.2449<\/a>. PMID<\/a> 22751620<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  31.  Goodnough, Lawrence T.; Shander, Aryeh; Spence, Richard (May 1, 2003). “Bloodless medicine: clinical care without allogenic blood transfusion”. Transfusion<\/em>. 43<\/strong> (5): 668\u2013676. doi<\/a>:10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2003.00367.x<\/a>. PMID<\/a> 12702192<\/a>. S2CID<\/a> 34175614<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  32.  Jabbour, Nicolas (2005). Transfusion-Free Medicine<\/em>. p. 13.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  33.  “Are You Ready to Face a Faith-Challenging Medical Situation?”. Our Kingdom Ministry<\/em>. November 1, 1990. p. 3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  34.  “Youths Who Have Power Beyond What Is Normal”. Awake!<\/em>. May 22, 1994. pp. 9\u201315.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  35.  Richards, Edward; Rathbun, Katharine (1983). “Medical Risk Management: Preventive Legal Strategies for Health Care Providers”<\/a>. biotech.law.lsu.edu\/Books\/aspen\/Aspen.html<\/em>. Chapter Nine, The Emergency Exception: Aspen Systems Corporation. Archived<\/a> from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  36.  Hartman, Kurt; Liang, Bryan (March 1999). “Exceptions to Informed Consent in Emergency Medicine”<\/a> (PDF). Hospital Physician<\/em>. 35<\/strong> (3): 53\u201355. Archived<\/a> (PDF) from the original on October 21, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  37.  Ohto, Hitoshi; Yonemura, Yuji; Takeda, Junzo; Inada, Eiichi; Hanada, Ryoji; Hayakawa, Satoshi; Miyano, Takeshi; Kai, Katsunori; Iwashi, Waichiro; Muto, Kaori; Asai, Fumikazu (July 1, 2009). “Guidelines for managing conscientious objection to blood transfusion”<\/a>. Transfusion Medicine Reviews<\/em>. 23<\/strong> (3): 221\u201328. doi<\/a>:10.1016\/j.tmrv.2009.03.004<\/a>. PMID<\/a> 19539876<\/a>. S2CID<\/a> 8885828<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  38.  American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Bioethics (1997). “Religious objections to medical care”. Pediatrics<\/em>. 99<\/strong> (2): 279\u2013281. doi<\/a>:10.1542\/peds.99.2.279<\/a>. PMID<\/a> 9024462<\/a>. S2CID<\/a> 78983202<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  39.  Midgen, Douglas R.; Braen, G. Richard (August 1998). “The Jehovah’s Witness blood refusal card: Ethical and medicolegal considerations for emergency physicians”. Academic Emergency Medicine<\/a><\/em>. 5<\/strong> (8): 815\u2013824.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  40.  “Hospital Information Services”. Our Kingdom Ministry<\/em>. September 1, 1988. p. 4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  41.  Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses<\/em>. Watch Tower Society. 1998. p. 23.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  42.  Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses<\/em>. Watch Tower Society. 1996. p. 26.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  43.  “Bridging the Gap Between Doctors and Witness Patients”. Awake!<\/em>. November 22, 1990. p. 21.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  44.  “Certificate of Recognition issued by Society for the Advancement of Blood Management”<\/a>. Watch Tower Society. September 1, 2002. Archived from the original<\/a> on March 6, 2012.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  45.  January 3, 2006 Letter from Christian Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses; To all Congregations<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  46.  Smith, Stephen. “Jehovah’s Witnesses defend hospital visits that push for bloodless treatment”<\/a>. CBC News<\/a><\/em>. Retrieved May 19, 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  47.  “Rethink relations with Jehovah’s Witnesses committees, NSS urges NHS”<\/a>. National Secular Society<\/em>. September 24, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  48.  “Announcements”. Our Kingdom Ministry<\/em>. November 1, 2005. p. 3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  49.  “Announcements”. Our Kingdom Ministry<\/em>. October 1, 2004. p. 7.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  50.  “Service Meeting Schedule”. Our Kingdom Ministry<\/em>. January 1, 2006. p. 2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  51.  Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses<\/em>. Watch Tower Society. 2001. p. 212.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  52.  “”Follow Me Continually””. Our Kingdom Ministry<\/em>. May 1, 2006. p. 1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  53.  Come Be My Follower<\/em>. Watch Tower Society. pp. 178\u2013179.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  54.  Benson, Kaaron (November 1995). “Management of the Jehovah’s Witness Oncology Patient: Perspective of the Transfusion Service”<\/a>. Cancer Control<\/em>. 2<\/strong> (4). Moffitt Cancer Center. Archived from the original<\/a> on March 13, 2007. Therefore, while most adult Jehovah’s Witness patients were unwilling to accept blood for themselves, most Jehovah’s Witness parents permitted transfusions for their minor children, and many of the young adult patients also were willing to accept transfusions for themselves.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  55.  Gyamfi C, Berkowitz RL (September 2004). “Responses by pregnant Jehovah’s Witnesses on health care proxies”. Obstet Gynecol<\/em>. 104<\/strong> (3): 541\u20134. doi<\/a>:10.1097\/01.AOG.0000135276.25886.8e<\/a>. PMID<\/a> 15339766<\/a>. S2CID<\/a> 8771835<\/a>. This review refutes the commonly held belief that all Jehovah’s Witnesses refuse to accept blood or any of its products. In this population of pregnant women, the majority were willing to accept some form of blood or blood products.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  56.  Knuti KA, Amrein PC, Chabner BA, Lynch TJ, Penson RT (2002). “Faith, identity, and leukemia: when blood products are not an option”<\/a>. Oncologist<\/em>. 7<\/strong> (4): 371\u201380. doi<\/a>:10.1634\/theoncologist.7-4-371<\/a>. PMID<\/a> 12185299<\/a>. S2CID<\/a> 24259911<\/a>. Ms. LF stated that she was a Jehovah’s Witness and asserted with an advanced [sic<\/a><\/em>] directive that she did not want blood product support. \u2026 The risks and benefits of continuing therapy were discussed with Ms. LF. She remained adamant in her refusal of blood products and repeated that she wanted to continue treatment and to ‘die fighting’ her disease.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  57.  Migden DR, Braen GR (August 1998). “The Jehovah’s Witness blood refusal card: ethical and medicolegal considerations for emergency physicians”. Acad Emerg Med<\/em>. 5<\/strong> (8): 815\u201324. doi<\/a>:10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02510.x<\/a>. PMID<\/a> 9715245<\/a>.
    Ridley DT (August 1998). “Honoring Jehovah’s Witnesses’ advance directives in emergencies: a response to Drs. Migden and Braen”. Acad Emerg Med<\/em>. 5<\/strong> (8): 824\u201335.     doi<\/a>:10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02511.x<\/a>. PMID<\/a> 9715246<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  58.  “Questions From Readers”. The Watchtower<\/em>. August 1, 1958. p. 478.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  59.  “Questions From Readers”. The Watchtower<\/em>. January 15, 1961. p. 63.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  60.  “Setting Matters Straight Between God and You”. The Watchtower<\/em>. October 15, 1987. p. 14. Three areas for attention were mentioned: secretly accepting a blood transfusion, masturbation, and alcohol abuse. After considering that material, quite a number of readers wrote letters of appreciation; they admitted that they had had those faults, but they had been moved to repent and change.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  61.  Findley LJ, Redstone PM (March 1982). “Blood transfusion in adult Jehovah’s Witnesses. A case study of one congregation”. Arch Intern Med<\/em>. 142<\/strong> (3): 606\u20137. doi<\/a>:10.1001\/archinte.142.3.606<\/a>. PMID<\/a> 7065795<\/a>. there is either some lack of understanding or refusal to follow doctrine among some members … Our research methods are open to sample bias. By surveying only church members, we may not have described the beliefs of less religious Jehovah’s Witnesses. Although we stressed the strict confidentiality of the questionnaire, the members knew that the church had cooperated in the study to the point of supplying a list of the names and addresses of its members. This may have influenced their answers. Despite these problems, we believe we adequately described the beliefs of this congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses and demonstrated the need for physicians to be aware of their patients’ religious objections to medical treatment<\/q>
    The article presents the results of a study to determine the medical needs and beliefs of one congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses in Denver by mailing a questionnaire to the 70 adult members. 59 responses were received. Of the 59, 7 stipulated they would accept plasma transfusion (Table 1 on page 607).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  62.  “Where Are the Faithful?”. Awake!<\/em>. April 8, 1996. p. 4. Nowadays official church dogma may bear scant resemblance to the personal beliefs of those who profess that particular religion.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  63.  Thomas JM (February 1, 2005). “Responses by pregnant Jehovah’s Witnesses on health care proxies”. Obstet Gynecol<\/em>. 105<\/strong> (2): 441, author reply 442\u20133. doi<\/a>:10.1097\/01.AOG.0000149842.31312.e4<\/a>. PMID<\/a> 15684182<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  64.  Buber M (1949). Under Two Dictators<\/em>. pp. 222, 235\u2013237. Buber indicates that Jehovah’s Witness prisoners ate blood sausage until around 1943. She relates that 25 of the 275 Jehovah’s Witness prisoners then refused to eat blood sausage. She underlines the fact that this occurred in the presence of knowledge of Biblical statements regarding blood.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  65.  Jehovah’s Witnesses\u2014Proclaimers of God’s Kingdom<\/em><\/a>. Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania<\/a>. pp. 151\u2013152.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  66.  “The Apostolic Council”. Zion’s Watch Tower<\/em>. November 15, 1892. It will be noticed that nothing is said about keeping the ten commandments, nor any part of the Jewish law. It was evidently taken for granted that having received the spirit of Christ the new law of love would be a general regulation for them. The things mentioned were merely to guard against stumbling themselves or becoming stumbling blocks to others.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  67.  “Settling Doctrinal Differences”. The Watchtower<\/em>. April 15, 1909. pp. 116\u2013117. These prohibitions had never come to the Gentiles, because they had never been under the Law Covenant; but so deeply rooted were the Jewish ideas on this subject that it was necessary to the peace of the Church that the Gentiles should observe this matter also … these items thus superadded to the Law of Love should be observed by all spiritual Israelites as representing the Divine will.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  68.  “Manufacturing and Mining”. The Golden Age<\/em>. October 15, 1919. p. 47. A serious difficulty which has been overcome in the use of plywood for airplanes construction was the making from blood of a glue that will stand any quantity of moisture without letting go\u2026. In this plywood, stronger than steel, we have an illustration of how the Lord can take characters, weak in themselves, and surround them with such influence and so fortify them by his promises as to make them “mighty through God to the pulling down of strong holds” of error and sin.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  69.  “Here and There Over the Planet”. The Golden Age<\/em>. December 17, 1924. p. 163. Fearing the death of the child, the woman deliberately cut her arms and breast with glass from the windshield to provide blood to keep the child alive during the cold nights. The child will recover, but the heroine is expected to die.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  70.  “Flotsam and Jetsam”. The Golden Age<\/em>. July 29, 1925. p. 683.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  71.  “One Reason for God’s Vengeance”. The Watchtower<\/em>. December 15, 1927. p. 371.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  72.  “Surgery”. Consolation<\/em>. December 25, 1940. p. 19. one of the attending physicians in the great emergency gave a quart of his own blood for transfusion, and today the woman lives and smiles gaily over what happened to her in the busiest 23 minutes of her life.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  73.  “The Stranger’s Right Maintained”. The Watchtower<\/em>. December 1, 1944. p. 362.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  74.  Vertroosting<\/em> (Consolation<\/em>), September 1945 p. 29, “Wanneer wij ons leven verliezen, doordat wij weigeren, inspuitingen te laten maken, dient zulks niet tot een getuigenis ter rechtvaardiging van Jehova’s Naam. God heeft nooit bepalingen uitgevaardigd die het gebruik van medicijnen, inspuitingen of bloedtransfusie verbiedt. Het is een ultvinding van menschen, die gelijk de Farize\u00ebn Jehova’s barmhartigheid laten.” (in Dutch).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  75.  Singelenbreg, R. (1990). “The Blood Transfusion Taboo of Jehovah’s Witnesses: Origin, Development and Function of a Controversial Doctrine”. Social Science & Medicine<\/em>. 31<\/strong> (4): 516.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  76.  “Immovable For the Right Worship”. The Watchtower<\/em>. July 1, 1945. pp. 198\u2013201.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  77.  “Assume Your Christian Obligations”. The Watchtower<\/em>. March 1, 1966. p. 142. In the counsel from the pages of this magazine there has been a note of increased strictness with regard to pure worship, the placing of additional obligations on each one individually, strict counsel on morals, honesty, neutrality and such requirements as showing respect for the sanctity of blood.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  78.  Blood, Medicine, and the Law of God<\/em>. Watch Tower Society. 1961. p. 54.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  79.  “Blood Fractions or Substances”. Awake!<\/em>. September 8, 1956. p. 20.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  80.  “Respect for the Sanctity of Blood”. The Watchtower<\/em>. September 15, 1961. p. 558.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  81.  “Questions From Readers”. The Watchtower<\/em>. November 1, 1961. pp. 669\u2013670.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  82.  Durable Power of Attorney form, published by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, January 2001 p. 1<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  83.  “Questions From Readers”. The Watchtower<\/em>. February 15, 1964. pp. 127\u2013128.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  84.  “Employment and Your Conscience”. The Watchtower<\/em>. November 15, 1964. pp. 680\u2013683.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  85.  “Questions From Readers”. The Watchtower<\/em>. June 15, 1982. p. 31.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  86.  Letter to All Presiding Overseers and Secretaries in the United States, The Watchtower<\/em> May 3, 2001, and Enclosure<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  87.  Letter to All Presiding Overseers and Secretaries in the United States, The Watchtower<\/em>, December 20, 2001<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  88.  “Jehovah’s Witnesses ease policy on transfusions, allowing storage and use of one’s own blood”<\/a>. AP News<\/em>. March 20, 2026. Retrieved March 21, 2026.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  89.  “Questions From Readers”. The Watchtower<\/em>. July 1, 1951. p. 414.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  90.  “Using Life in Harmony with the Will of God”. The Watchtower<\/em>. September 15, 1961. pp. 563\u2013564.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  91.  “Watching the World”. Awake!<\/em>. July 8, 1969. p. 30.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  92.  “When Doctors Seek to Force Blood Transfusions”. Awake!<\/em>. May 22, 1974. p. 18.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  93.  “Transfusion Medicine\u2014Is Its Future Secure?”. Awake!<\/em>. August 1, 2006.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  94.  Muramoto O (August 1998). “Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah’s Witnesses: Part 1. Should bioethical deliberation consider dissidents’ views?”<\/a>. J Med Ethics<\/em>. 24<\/strong> (4): 223\u2013230. doi<\/a>:10.1136\/jme.24.4.223<\/a>. PMC<\/a> 1377670<\/a>. PMID<\/a> 9752623<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  95.  Muramoto O (1998). “Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah’s Witnesses: Part 2. A novel approach based on rational non-interventional paternalism”<\/a>. J Med Ethics<\/em>. 24<\/strong> (5): 295\u2013301. doi<\/a>:10.1136\/jme.24.5.295<\/a>. PMC<\/a> 1377601<\/a>. PMID<\/a> 9800583<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  96.  “Rightly Value Your Gift of Life”. The Watchtower<\/em>. June 15, 2004. p. 15.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  97.  United in Worship of the Only True God<\/em>. Watch Tower Society. 1983. p. 160.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  98.  “What Does Jehovah Ask of Us Today?”. The Watchtower<\/em>. September 15, 1999. p. 21.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  99.  Bruce, F. F. (1955). Commentary on Acts<\/em>. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  100.  Lenski, R. C. H. (1944). The Interpretation of the Acts of the Apostles<\/em>. Columbus, Ohio: Wartburg Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  101.  Hoekema, Anthony A.<\/a> (1963). The Four Major Cults<\/em>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans. pp. 249, 250. ISBN<\/a> 978-0-8028-3117-0<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  102.  “ECHR Point number 136, 139”<\/a>. Archived<\/a> from the original on May 26, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2010.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  103.  “Honor Godly Marriage!”. The Watchtower<\/em>. March 15, 1983. p. 31.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  104.  “”Call for new approach to transfusion refusals”, The Irish Times<\/em>, February 27, 2010″<\/a>. The Irish Times<\/a><\/em>. Archived<\/a> from the original on January 14, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2010.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  105.  Malyon, D (1998). “Transfusion-free treatment of Jehovah’s Witnesses: respecting the autonomous patient’s motives”<\/a>. J Med Ethics<\/em>. 24<\/strong> (6): 376\u201381. doi<\/a>:10.1136\/jme.24.6.376<\/a>. PMC<\/a> 479136<\/a>. PMID<\/a> 9873976<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  106.  Ridley, Donald T. (1999). “Jehovah’s Witnesses’ refusal of blood: obedience to scripture and religious conscience”<\/a>. Journal of Medical Ethics<\/em>. 25<\/strong>: 471.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  107.  “”Religion Today”, New York Times<\/em>, January 6, 2006″<\/a>. Archived<\/a> from the original on April 27, 2010. Retrieved April 28, 2010.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  108.  “Jehovah’s Witnesses, Blood Transfusions and the Tort of Misrepresentation”. Journal of Church and State<\/em>. 47<\/strong> (4): 808. Autumn 2005. [The Watch Tower Society] builds a case that other doctors wish all surgeons would become bloodless surgeons, when in fact those doctors recognize the benefits of blood transfusions for those who are in desperate need.<\/q><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  109.  Cults, New Religious Movements, and Your Family: A Guide to Ten Non-Christian Groups Out to Convert Your Loved Ones<\/em> p. 226<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  110.  Bearing False Witness? An Introduction to the Christian Countercult<\/em> p. 146<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  111.  Reasoning From the Scriptures<\/em>. Watch Tower Society. 1989. p. 73.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  112.  How Can Blood Save Your Life?<\/em>. Watch Tower Society. 1990. p. 6.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  113.  Reasoning From the Scriptures<\/em>. Watch Tower Society. 1989. p. 70.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  114.  The analogy is used in The Watchtower<\/em>, June 1, 1969, page 326, The Truth That Leads to Eternal Life<\/em>, (1981, pg 167), Reasoning From the Scriptures<\/em> (1989, pg 73), You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth<\/em> (1989, pg 216), Yearbook<\/em> (1989, pg 57), What Does the Bible Teach<\/em> (2005, pg 130) and Awake!<\/em>, August 2006, page 11.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  115.  What Does The Bible Really Teach?<\/em>. Watch Tower Society. 2005. p. 128.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  116.  “OK Kosher Certification\u2014Salting of Meat”<\/a>. Archived<\/a> from the original on May 20, 2007. Retrieved February 7, 2007.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  117.  “My Jewish Learning: Making Meat Kosher”<\/a>. Archived from the original<\/a> on February 25, 2009.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

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    \u539f\u8457\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aWikipedia contributors
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