{"id":2765,"date":"2026-10-06T11:44:33","date_gmt":"2026-10-06T02:44:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sunnytas.info\/?page_id=2765"},"modified":"2026-10-06T11:44:33","modified_gmt":"2026-10-06T02:44:33","slug":"jehovahs-witnesses-religious-rules-restrictions-and-practices-affecting-children-2026-guide","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sunnytas.info\/?page_id=2765","title":{"rendered":"Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses: Religious Rules, Restrictions, and Practices Affecting Children \u2014 2026 Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-0\">A guide for educators, child-support professionals, social workers, health professionals, and others working with children<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">KW Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses, children, school, religious restrictions, holidays, blood transfusions, higher education, disfellowshipping, shunning, child safeguarding<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">See also:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"Wssb6Bojnr\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sunnytas.info\/?page_id=2227\">Official Japanese Government Q&amp;A on Child Abuse Related to Religious Beliefs<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"\u201cOfficial Japanese Government Q&amp;A on Child Abuse Related to Religious Beliefs\u201d \u2014 \u65b0\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u60c5\u5831\u30bb\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\" src=\"https:\/\/sunnytas.info\/?page_id=2227&amp;embed=true#?secret=swXA8vVmyO#?secret=Wssb6Bojnr\" data-secret=\"Wssb6Bojnr\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-1\">English adaptation of the Japanese Sunnytas article:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"mAN9DSJ8FH\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sunnytas.info\/?page_id=1997\">\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u7981\u6b62\u4e8b\u9805\u4e00\u89a7\u8868\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"\u201c\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u306e\u7981\u6b62\u4e8b\u9805\u4e00\u89a7\u8868\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u201d \u2014 \u65b0\u30a8\u30db\u30d0\u306e\u8a3c\u4eba\u60c5\u5831\u30bb\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\" src=\"https:\/\/sunnytas.info\/?page_id=1997&amp;embed=true#?secret=gx45kN5l8l#?secret=mAN9DSJ8FH\" data-secret=\"mAN9DSJ8FH\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Last updated:<\/strong> October 6, 2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Important note<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This English edition is not a literal translation only. It preserves the Japanese material, updates time-sensitive organizational policies through October 2026, replaces or supplements Japanese citations with English-language primary or authoritative sources where available, and adds context relevant to English-speaking countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is intended as an informational and safeguarding resource, not legal or medical advice. Laws and professional duties differ by jurisdiction.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-2\">How to read this guide<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The word <strong>\u201cprohibited\u201d<\/strong> should be used with care. Not every practice discussed below has the same status.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For clarity, this guide distinguishes four types of evidence:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Explicit organizational position<\/strong> \u2014 conduct that current Jehovah\u2019s Witness publications clearly state should not be practiced.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Strongly discouraged or restricted practice<\/strong> \u2014 conduct that may not be framed as an absolute prohibition but is discouraged through religious teaching.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Personal conscience or personal decision<\/strong> \u2014 matters that current Jehovah\u2019s Witness publications expressly leave to the individual or family.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Historically taught or reported practice<\/strong> \u2014 restrictions documented in earlier publications or reported by people raised as Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses, but which should not automatically be presented as current universal policy.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are analytical categories used in this guide. They are not official Jehovah\u2019s Witness terminology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A recurring distinction is also important:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>What the organization currently teaches<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>What the organization taught historically<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>What a particular family or congregation reportedly required<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>What a child personally believes he or she must do<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are not always the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-3\">General rules and restrictions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-4\">Congregational discipline, expulsion, and shunning<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses maintain a formal system of congregational discipline. Current public material states that congregation elders may intervene where a member is believed to have committed serious wrongdoing and, if the person does not change, the person may be expelled from the congregation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/removed-from-the-congregation\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 How Do Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses Treat Those Who Used to Belong to Their Religion?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This guide uses the neutral descriptive terms <strong>expulsion from the congregation<\/strong> and <strong>shunning<\/strong> rather than adopting the organization\u2019s preferred terminology. Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses historically used the term <strong>disfellowshipping<\/strong>; since 2024, their public materials generally use <strong>removal from the congregation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Expulsion<\/strong> means the formal ending of a person\u2019s recognized membership or standing in the congregation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Shunning<\/strong> means deliberately restricting or ending ordinary social contact with a person because of that person\u2019s religious status, expulsion, or departure from the group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Current Jehovah\u2019s Witness material states that members should not socialize with a person who has been expelled, although the person may attend meetings and, in ordinary cases, may now be greeted there. Where an expelled person remains in the same household with a spouse and young children who are Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses, the organization states that ordinary family affection and household dealings continue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/removed-from-the-congregation\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Current policy toward people removed from the congregation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The term <em>shunning<\/em> is also widely used in independent academic research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36618854\/\">PubMed \u2014 What Happens to Those Who Exit Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses: An Investigation of the Impact of Shunning<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33469793\/\">PubMed \u2014 Grieving the Living: The Social Death of Former Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11089-026-01333-8\">Springer \u2014 Coping After Shunning, 2026<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-5\">Medical treatment and blood<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness teaching on blood changed substantially during 2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-6\">Whole blood<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The organization continues to state that Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses refuse <strong>whole-blood transfusions<\/strong> on religious grounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/global-communications\/country\/global-news\/Jehovahs-Witnesses-Each-Witness-Now-Decides-Whether-to-Accept-or-Donate-Main-Blood-Components\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Each Witness Now Decides Whether to Accept or Donate Main Blood Components, September 18, 2026<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-7\">Red cells, white cells, plasma, and platelets<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On September 18, 2026, the Governing Body announced that accepting the four main blood components obtained from another person \u2014 <strong>red cells, white cells, plasma, and platelets<\/strong> \u2014 is now a matter of individual conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The organization also stated that each Witness may decide whether to donate blood where the stated purpose is to provide components or fractions for use by another person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/global-communications\/country\/global-news\/Jehovahs-Witnesses-Each-Witness-Now-Decides-Whether-to-Accept-or-Donate-Main-Blood-Components\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 September 18, 2026 policy announcement<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/news\/region\/global\/2026-Governing-Body-Update-6\">JW.ORG \u2014 2026 Governing Body Update #6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Accordingly, it is no longer accurate to state that Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses universally refuse red cells, white cells, plasma, or platelets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As of October 2026:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Whole blood:<\/strong> rejected under the organization\u2019s current teaching.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Red cells:<\/strong> personal decision.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>White cells:<\/strong> personal decision.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Plasma:<\/strong> personal decision.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Platelets:<\/strong> personal decision.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Blood fractions:<\/strong> personal decision.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Donation for components or fractions:<\/strong> personal decision.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-8\">A patient\u2019s own blood<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On March 20, 2026, the Governing Body also clarified its position on the use of a patient\u2019s <strong>own blood<\/strong> in medical and surgical care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The organization now states that medical use of a patient\u2019s own blood is an individual decision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/news\/region\/global\/2026-Governing-Body-Update-2\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 2026 Governing Body Update #2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For medical professionals and safeguarding practitioners, older descriptions of Jehovah\u2019s Witness blood policy should therefore be checked carefully before being relied upon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-9\">Politics, patriotic observances, and military service<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-10\">Political neutrality<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses describe themselves as politically neutral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Their current FAQ states that they do not lobby, vote for political parties or candidates, run for political office, or participate in efforts to change governments. They also state that they obey laws, pay taxes, and respect public authorities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/political-neutrality\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Why Do Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses Maintain Political Neutrality?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The organization has distinguished voting for a political candidate from physically entering a polling place where attendance is legally compulsory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/books\/gods-love\/flag-salute-voting-civilian-service\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Flag Salute, Voting, and Civilian Service<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-11\">Flag salutes and national anthems<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses regard saluting a national flag as an act of allegiance that they do not perform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Their school guidance also states that Witness students do not sing national anthems. Depending on the meaning of the act in a particular setting, a student may stand respectfully without singing or may remain seated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Flag-Salute-Anthems-and-Voting\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Flag Salute, Anthems and Voting<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The same publication indicates that a school song or school anthem may also be declined if it is understood as an expression of allegiance or glorification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-12\">Student elections<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness school guidance states that students generally do not participate in student elections or accept elected student offices, while teacher-appointed classroom responsibilities may be treated differently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Flag-Salute-Anthems-and-Voting\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Flag Salute, Anthems and Voting<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-13\">Military service<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses refuse participation in war and do not take up weapons as soldiers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/why-dont-jw-go-to-war\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Why Don\u2019t Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses Go to War?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, <strong>alternative civilian service is not universally prohibited<\/strong>. Jehovah\u2019s Witness material treats participation in nonmilitary civilian service as a matter of conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/books\/gods-love\/flag-salute-voting-civilian-service\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Flag Salute, Voting, and Civilian Service<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-14\">Holidays and celebrations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses do not reject every possible celebration under one simple rule. Their current public material describes multiple categories of observances that they do not celebrate, while leaving some other matters to personal conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/jw-celebrate-holidays\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Why Don\u2019t Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses Celebrate Certain Holidays?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-15\">Birthdays<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses do not celebrate birthdays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/birthdays\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Why Don\u2019t Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses Celebrate Birthdays?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In school, this may affect participation in birthday parties, birthday songs, birthday cards, gifts, or classroom celebrations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-16\">Christmas<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses do not celebrate Christmas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/why-not-celebrate-christmas\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Why Don\u2019t Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses Celebrate Christmas?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">School effects may include nonparticipation in Christmas parties, songs, plays, crafts, or gift exchanges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-17\">Easter<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses do not celebrate Easter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/why-not-celebrate-easter\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Why Don\u2019t Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses Celebrate Easter?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Their school booklet expressly discusses Easter eggs and the Easter rabbit and states that Jehovah\u2019s Witness children do not participate in holiday activities connected with such observances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Holidays-and-Celebrations\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Holidays and Celebrations<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In an English-speaking school, this may include an Easter egg hunt, Easter-themed crafts, parties, songs, or performances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-18\">Halloween<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses do not celebrate Halloween.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/jw-celebrate-holidays\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Why Don\u2019t Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses Celebrate Certain Holidays?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Possible school effects include nonparticipation in costumes, Halloween parties, trick-or-treating, decorations, and themed classroom activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-19\">Thanksgiving<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The organization\u2019s current FAQ expressly identifies Thanksgiving as a celebration that Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses do not observe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/jw-celebrate-holidays\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Holiday FAQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For educators in the United States, an important distinction is between <strong>learning about Thanksgiving historically<\/strong> and <strong>participating in a Thanksgiving celebration<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-20\">Valentine\u2019s Day, Mother\u2019s Day, New Year\u2019s Day, and May Day<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Jehovah\u2019s Witness school booklet specifically discusses Valentine\u2019s Day, Mother\u2019s Day, New Year\u2019s Day, and May Day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It states that Witness children do not take part in commemorative holiday activities such as singing, music, plays, parades, drawing, parties, and related eating or drinking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Holidays-and-Celebrations\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Holidays and Celebrations<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-21\">National and military commemorations<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Current official material also identifies a number of national or military commemorations that Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses do not celebrate, including examples such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Independence Day<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flag Day<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Veterans Day<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Memorial Day<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Remembrance Day<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Remembrance Sunday<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ANZAC Day<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Australia Day<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Guy Fawkes Day<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/jw-celebrate-holidays\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Holiday FAQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-22\">St. Patrick\u2019s Day<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The current Jehovah\u2019s Witness holiday FAQ reviewed for this guide does <strong>not<\/strong> specifically name St. Patrick\u2019s Day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, it states that Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses do not participate in celebrations that honor or exalt a person regarded as a saint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">St. Patrick\u2019s Day therefore appears to fall within the organization\u2019s stated general criterion regarding celebrations of saints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is an <strong>inference from the organization\u2019s published rule<\/strong>, not a claim that the current FAQ specifically names St. Patrick\u2019s Day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/jw-celebrate-holidays\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Holiday FAQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A school should confirm the position of the individual child and family rather than assuming identical practice in every household.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-23\">Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Juneteenth, and similar commemorations<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The current Jehovah\u2019s Witness FAQ does not specifically name <strong>Martin Luther King Jr. Day<\/strong> or <strong>Juneteenth<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It does, however, state that Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses avoid celebrations honoring notable individuals and certain celebrations of political or social movements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/jw-celebrate-holidays\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Holiday FAQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Accordingly, some Jehovah\u2019s Witness students may decline participation in commemorative activities associated with these days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This should not be confused with studying Martin Luther King Jr., slavery, emancipation, civil-rights history, racial discrimination, or Black history as academic subjects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-24\">Education and historical study are not the same as commemorative celebration.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The same caution applies to Black History Month. Individual practice should be established rather than assumed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-25\">Religious rites and worship of other faiths<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses do not participate in interfaith worship or religious rites of other faiths.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/interfaith\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Do Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses Practice Interfaith?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They also reject the veneration of religious images and do not use the cross as an object of worship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/cross-belief\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Why Don\u2019t Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses Use the Cross?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, <strong>being present at an event<\/strong> and <strong>participating in a religious ritual<\/strong> are not necessarily the same thing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, current Jehovah\u2019s Witness material states that attending a funeral conducted by another religion may be a personal decision, while participation in rituals regarded as religiously unacceptable may be declined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/funeral\">JW.ORG \u2014 How Do Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses View Funerals?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This distinction is relevant to school visits to churches, temples, shrines, mosques, or other religious sites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-26\">Sex, dating, marriage, and sexual conduct<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses teach that sexual activity should occur only within marriage between a man and a woman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/jw-dating\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Do Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses Have Rules About Dating?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Their publications reject premarital and extramarital sexual activity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The organization also teaches that same-sex sexual conduct is contrary to its interpretation of Biblical morality while stating that people should be treated with respect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/bible-teachings\/questions\/bible-about-homosexuality\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 What Does the Bible Say About Homosexuality?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pornography is rejected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/bible-teachings\/questions\/what-does-the-bible-say-about-pornography\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 What Does the Bible Say About Pornography?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Masturbation is described negatively in Jehovah\u2019s Witness publications but should not automatically be placed in the same disciplinary category as adultery or sexual conduct involving another person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/books\/gods-love\/stop-masturbation\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Gain the Victory Over Masturbation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dating is treated primarily as preparation for marriage rather than casual recreation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Marriage within the religion is strongly encouraged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/families\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Family and marriage FAQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-27\">Abortion, tobacco, drugs, alcohol, and gambling<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-28\">Abortion<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses generally reject induced abortion when performed to prevent the birth of an unwanted child.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/medical-library\/medical-information\/ret\/religious-ethical-position\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Religious and Ethical Position on Medical Therapy and Related Matters<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-29\">Tobacco and recreational drugs<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tobacco use and recreational drug use are treated as incompatible with Jehovah\u2019s Witness religious standards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/medical-library\/medical-information\/ret\/religious-ethical-position\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Religious and Ethical Position on Medical Therapy and Related Matters<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-30\">Alcohol<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Moderate alcohol consumption is <strong>not<\/strong> prohibited. The religious restriction concerns drunkenness and excessive drinking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/medical-library\/medical-information\/ret\/religious-ethical-position\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Religious and Ethical Position on Medical Therapy and Related Matters<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-31\">Gambling<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness publications describe gambling as incompatible with Biblical principles concerning greed and love of money.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/bible-teachings\/questions\/is-gambling-a-sin\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Is Gambling a Sin?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-32\">Friendships and relationships outside the religion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses interact with people outside the religion at school, work, in public life, and in preaching. It would therefore be inaccurate to state that all contact with non-Witnesses is prohibited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, official publications repeatedly caution against close friendships that are believed to have a negative spiritual influence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/books\/Questions-Young-People-Ask-Answers-That-Work-Volume-2\/School-and-Your-Peers\/What-Should-I-Know-About-School-Friendships\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 What Should I Know About School Friendships?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Extracurricular-Activities\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Extracurricular Activities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A more accurate formulation is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Close social relationships with non-Witnesses may be discouraged or treated with caution, rather than all contact being prohibited.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For practitioners, the practical question is whether a particular child feels free to develop normal age-appropriate friendships outside the religious community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-33\">Higher education and career choices<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This subject requires particular care because the organization\u2019s position changed in 2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Historically, Jehovah\u2019s Witness publications strongly discouraged some forms of higher education, especially university education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the May 2026 Study Edition of <em>The Watchtower<\/em>, however, the organization explicitly stated that <strong>each adult Christian must make his or her own decision about whether to obtain additional education<\/strong>, including university education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The article\u2019s footnote expressly acknowledges that past publications discouraged certain types of additional education and states that obtaining additional education is now a <strong>personal matter<\/strong>. It also states that no Christian, including congregation elders, should judge another Christian\u2019s personal decision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/magazines\/watchtower-study-may-2026\/Make-Wise-Decisions-Regarding-Additional-Education\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Make Wise Decisions Regarding Additional Education, May 2026<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The same article still presents a career in full-time religious service as the \u201cbest career\u201d and encourages young people to consider the spiritual risks and time costs of further education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The current position can therefore be summarized as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>University and other post-compulsory education are formally personal or family decisions under the organization\u2019s 2026 policy, while full-time religious service continues to be presented as the preferred life course.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This current policy must be distinguished from the historical experiences of adults who grew up under earlier teaching.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-34\">Entertainment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses do not currently publish a universal list of specific prohibited films, books, songs, games, anime, manga, artists, or fictional characters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The organization states that individuals and families should apply Biblical principles themselves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/do-jehovahs-witnesses-ban-certain-entertainment\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Do Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses Ban Certain Movies, Books, or Songs?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Accordingly, statements such as \u201cJehovah\u2019s Witnesses prohibit <em>Dragon Ball<\/em>\u201d should not be made as universal doctrinal claims unless a specific source establishes such a rule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the same time, the 2023 Japanese survey documents widespread reports of entertainment restrictions in individual families and congregations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/goraku\/\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers \u2014 Entertainment restrictions<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-35\">School life and school-related restrictions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-36\">Overview of school-related restrictions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The organization\u2019s booklet <em>School and Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses<\/em> addresses patriotic ceremonies, elections, holidays, class instruction, extracurricular activities, and religious issues at school.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 School and Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The booklet is still publicly available, but it predates some major policy changes made in 2026. Where it conflicts with more recent material \u2014 for example concerning blood \u2014 the more recent policy should be used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-37\">Flag salutes, national anthems, and school songs<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Witness students generally decline flag salutes and national anthems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Flag-Salute-Anthems-and-Voting\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Flag Salute, Anthems and Voting<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The same publication may also lead students to decline a school song when it is understood as an expression of allegiance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-38\">Student elections<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Witness students generally do not participate in student elections or accept elected student offices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Flag-Salute-Anthems-and-Voting\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Flag Salute, Anthems and Voting<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-39\">Holiday activities<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Witness child may decline not only a formal religious ceremony but also holiday-linked classroom activities such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>singing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>music<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>plays<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>parades<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>themed drawings and crafts<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>parties<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>holiday-related eating and drinking<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Holidays-and-Celebrations\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Holidays and Celebrations<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This can affect Christmas, Easter, Halloween, Valentine\u2019s Day, Mother\u2019s Day, New Year\u2019s Day, and other observances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-40\">Japanese seasonal and cultural events<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Japanese examples are intentionally retained in this English edition because they document the actual experiences of children raised as Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses in Japan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examples include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-41\">Tanabata \u2014 Star Festival<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Japanese seasonal festival associated with the Tanabata legend and wishes written on strips of paper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some respondents in the 2023 Japanese survey reported nonparticipation in Tanabata activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/gakko\/\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers \u2014 School activities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-42\">Setsubun<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A seasonal custom commonly involving the throwing of beans to drive away evil and invite good fortune.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some respondents reported that they were not permitted to participate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/gakko\/\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers \u2014 School activities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-43\">Hinamatsuri \u2014 Doll Festival \/ Girls\u2019 Day<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A traditional festival involving ornamental dolls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Family practice may vary depending on whether the event is understood as religious, superstitious, or purely cultural.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-44\">Children\u2019s Day<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern Children\u2019s Day has historical links to seasonal customs. Family interpretation may vary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-45\">Obon and Bon odori<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Obon is associated with remembrance of ancestors and Buddhist traditions in Japan. Bon odori is a community dance linked historically with Obon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Jehovah\u2019s Witness family may distinguish between a cultural event and participation in an ancestral or religious rite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-46\">Hatsum\u014dde<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first shrine or temple visit of the New Year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A family may object to the religious acts involved even if the child is physically present at a shrine or temple for another reason.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-47\">Shichi-Go-San<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A traditional celebration in which young children often visit a Shinto shrine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The degree of participation may depend on the family\u2019s interpretation of the ritual elements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These Japanese observances should not all be described as items on a worldwide Jehovah\u2019s Witness \u201cban list.\u201d Rather, they illustrate how general religious principles can be applied in a culturally specific setting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-48\">Religious instruction, sex education, and evolution<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-49\">Religious instruction<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness school material distinguishes between learning <strong>about<\/strong> religions and participating in worship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Class-Instruction\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Class Instruction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A child may therefore be willing to learn objectively about another religion while declining prayer, bowing, ritual participation, or worship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This distinction is also important on school trips to religious sites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-50\">Sex and relationships education<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The school booklet states that Jehovah\u2019s Witness parents may object to portions of sex education that conflict with their religious moral standards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Class-Instruction\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Class Instruction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, parental rights to withdraw children from particular classes differ by jurisdiction. The religious publication does not determine the law in each country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-51\">Evolution<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses reject the conventional scientific account that life and humans arose through unguided evolutionary processes without a creator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Their school material nevertheless does not simply instruct students to avoid science classes. It frames the issue as studying the academic material while retaining religious convictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Class-Instruction\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Class Instruction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some respondents in the Japanese survey reported difficulties in evolution-related lessons or examinations, but this should not be treated as proof of a universal rule requiring all Witness children to leave evolution classes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/gakko\/\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers \u2014 School activities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-52\">Sports, extracurricular activities, and martial arts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-53\">Ordinary physical education<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness material does not reject physical exercise or ordinary physical education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Extracurricular-Activities\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Extracurricular Activities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-54\">Competitive sports and school clubs<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The same material expresses concern about organized competitive sports, excessive school loyalty, time taken away from religious activity, and social influences associated with extracurricular participation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It states that many Witness youths do not participate in school-sponsored extracurricular activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Extracurricular-Activities\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Extracurricular Activities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This should generally be described as <strong>discouragement or restriction<\/strong>, not as one universal ban on every club or sport.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-55\">Cheerleading and organized cheering<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Jehovah\u2019s Witness school booklet specifically discusses cheerleading and organized cheering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Extracurricular-Activities\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Extracurricular Activities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This provides a useful English-speaking parallel to Japanese <em>\u014dendan<\/em> and <em>\u014dengassen<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-56\">Japanese sports festivals<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Japanese <em>und\u014dkai<\/em> and <em>taiikusai<\/em> combine athletic competition, team identity, cheering, coordinated performances, school songs, and sometimes culturally specific activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 2023 Japanese survey reported restrictions involving some sports-day activities, including cheering events and <em>kibasen<\/em> (\u201ccavalry battle\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/gakko\/\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers \u2014 School activities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The appropriate conclusion is not that \u201cJehovah\u2019s Witnesses are prohibited from sports days,\u201d but that <strong>particular components may conflict with religious rules applied by a family<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-57\">Martial arts and combat sports<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The organization\u2019s school booklet specifically identifies combat activities such as judo, karate, kendo, boxing, and wrestling as activities that Witness students do not participate in because they are regarded as training in fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Class-Instruction\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Class Instruction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-58\">The Kobe kendo case<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A major Japanese Supreme Court case involved a Jehovah\u2019s Witness student at Kobe Municipal College of Technology who refused compulsory kendo practice for religious reasons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The student requested alternatives such as written reports. The college refused, he failed the compulsory physical-education requirement, was retained in the same year, and was ultimately dismissed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On March 8, 1996, the Supreme Court of Japan held that the retention and dismissal measures were illegal as exceeding the scope of the school\u2019s discretionary authority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court emphasized, among other things:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the seriousness of the student\u2019s religious reason;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the grave disadvantage imposed on him;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the fact that he did not reject physical education generally;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>his strong performance in other subjects; and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the school\u2019s failure adequately to consider feasible alternatives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courts.go.jp\/english\/Judgments\/search\/294\/index.html\">Supreme Court of Japan \u2014 1995 (Gyo-Tsu) No. 74, judgment of March 8, 1996<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The judgment should not be reduced to a broad claim that every religious objection automatically creates an unlimited right to accommodation. It concerned the legality of the particular disciplinary measures imposed in that case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-59\">Evidence and developments in Japan<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-60\">2023 survey: overview and key findings<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2023, the <strong>Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers<\/strong> conducted a large survey concerning childhood experiences in Jehovah\u2019s Witness families and congregations in Japan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The survey ran from May 2 to June 30, 2023 and received 583 responses, of which 581 were treated as valid responses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/gaiyo\/\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers \u2014 Survey overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/news\/20231120\/\">Survey report announcement<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The respondents included many current and former Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses and adults raised in the religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The survey was <strong>not a random population survey of all Jehovah\u2019s Witness families in Japan<\/strong>. Participants voluntarily responded to a survey specifically concerning problems related to the religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore, percentages below describe the relevant respondents. They should not be interpreted as population prevalence estimates for all Jehovah\u2019s Witness children.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-61\">School activities<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among respondents who had been involved with Jehovah\u2019s Witness activities while under 18, <strong>537 respondents \u2014 approximately 96 percent \u2014 reported at least one school subject or school event in which they could not participate because of Jehovah\u2019s Witness teaching or practice<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/gakko\/\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers \u2014 School activities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reported examples included:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>national and school songs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>flags and flag ceremonies<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>student elections<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Setsubun<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>dondoyaki<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Christmas songs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>kendo<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>judo<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>kibasen<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tanabata<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Valentine\u2019s Day<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Christmas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>other seasonal or school activities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Again, these are respondent experiences, not a universal current ban list.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-62\">Friendships, dating, and marriage<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The survey reported that <strong>93 percent \u2014 522 respondents \u2014 experienced or perceived restrictions on friendships, dating, or marriage<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/koyu\/\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers \u2014 Friendships, dating, and marriage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For professionals, useful questions include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Can the child visit a school friend\u2019s home?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can classmates visit the child\u2019s home?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can the child spend recreational time with non-Witness friends?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does the child believe a close friendship with a non-Witness would disappoint the family or God?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Is a teenager permitted to develop an ordinary romantic relationship?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does the child expect would happen if he or she wished to marry outside the religion?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-63\">Entertainment<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Approximately <strong>95 percent \u2014 531 respondents \u2014 reported restrictions on anime, manga, games, or other entertainment<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/goraku\/\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers \u2014 Entertainment<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The survey documented substantial variation between families. Restrictions were attributed by respondents to combinations of parental rules, organizational publications, congregation elders, traveling overseers, talks, conventions, and pressure from other members.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These reports should not be converted into a universal list of officially prohibited entertainment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-64\">Higher education<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 2023 survey reported that <strong>92 percent \u2014 518 respondents \u2014 believed that the organization had provided negative guidance concerning higher education<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/gaiyo\/\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers \u2014 Survey overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This result is historically important but must now be read alongside the 2026 policy change described above.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/magazines\/watchtower-study-may-2026\/Make-Wise-Decisions-Regarding-Additional-Education\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Make Wise Decisions Regarding Additional Education, 2026<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The correct formulation is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The 2023 survey documents past and reported pressure concerning higher education. In 2026, the organization explicitly stated that university and other additional education are personal decisions.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-65\">Preaching by children<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Door-to-door and other forms of evangelism remain central Jehovah\u2019s Witness activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 2023 Japanese survey reported very high levels of childhood participation in preaching among relevant respondents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/gaiyo\/\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers \u2014 Survey overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The survey also documented respondents who said that they preached despite not wanting to do so, or associated refusal with fear of religious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These findings should be described as respondent experiences rather than as proof that every Witness child is coerced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the same time, current Jehovah\u2019s Witness material continues to encourage parents to train children in preaching.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/magazines\/watchtower-study-february-2026\/Children-Are-an-Inheritance-From-Jehovah\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Children Are \u201can Inheritance From Jehovah,\u201d February 2026<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/series\/become-jehovahs-friend-children-activities\/Preparing-to-Preach\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Preparing to Preach: Children\u2019s activity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thus, two things can simultaneously be true:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The organization encourages and trains children to participate in preaching.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">and<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Whether a particular child participates voluntarily or experiences coercion must be assessed individually.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-66\">Blood-refusal cards carried by children<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 2023 Japanese survey reported that <strong>81 percent \u2014 451 respondents \u2014 had carried a blood-refusal card or similar identification document while minors<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/yuketsu\/\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers \u2014 Blood refusal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">English-language reporting also covered the finding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.japantimes.co.jp\/news\/2023\/11\/21\/japan\/society\/jehovahs-witnesses-survey-abuse\/\">The Japan Times \u2014 Survey coverage, November 2023<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These historical findings must now be read in light of the September 18, 2026 blood-policy change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/global-communications\/country\/global-news\/Jehovahs-Witnesses-Each-Witness-Now-Decides-Whether-to-Accept-or-Donate-Main-Blood-Components\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 September 2026 blood-components policy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The lawyers\u2019 group also publicly commented on the 2026 doctrinal change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/news\/20260921\/\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers \u2014 September 2026 blood-policy statement<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The English edition should therefore state clearly:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The survey findings describe blood-refusal cards and medical practices reported by respondents concerning childhood experiences before the September 2026 policy change.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It should not be assumed that a document carried by a Witness child in October 2026 necessarily refuses all four major blood components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-67\">Corporal punishment: \u201cmuchi\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A particularly serious area of the Japanese survey concerned corporal punishment commonly described among former Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses in Japan as <strong>muchi<\/strong> \u2014 literally \u201cthe whip.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The reports concern corporal punishment in which children were struck, including on the buttocks, sometimes with hands, belts, hoses, or other implements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The survey reported that <strong>92 percent \u2014 514 respondents \u2014 had experienced this form of corporal punishment<\/strong> among the relevant respondent group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/gaiyo\/\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers \u2014 Survey overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are predominantly retrospective reports concerning earlier childhood experiences, often from previous decades. They should not be used as a direct estimate of the present prevalence of corporal punishment in current Jehovah\u2019s Witness households.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, maltreatment experiences among former Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses have also been studied outside Japan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13674676.2023.2255144\">Taylor &amp; Francis \u2014 Health and well-being in former Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses in Austria, Germany and Switzerland<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Current Jehovah\u2019s Witness public materials describe parental discipline in terms of instruction and do not publicly endorse child abuse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The appropriate formulation is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The 2023 Japanese survey documents extensive historical reports of severe corporal punishment among its respondents. These findings should be taken seriously as survivor evidence while not being presented as proof of the same prevalence among current Jehovah\u2019s Witness families.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-68\">Childhood baptism, expulsion, and shunning<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Baptism has particular significance because the consequences of later leaving the religion differ for a baptized person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 2023 Japanese survey reported substantial numbers of respondents who had been baptized while minors and documented concerns about the voluntariness and motivations surrounding childhood baptism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/kihi\/\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers \u2014 Expulsion, shunning, and childhood baptism<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses state that baptism should be voluntary and that a child should have sufficient understanding and maturity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the same time, a baptized person who later formally leaves or is expelled may be subject to shunning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Current policy allows a simple greeting at religious meetings in ordinary cases but still directs members not to socialize with an expelled person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/removed-from-the-congregation\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Current policy toward former or expelled members<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For child-support professionals, relevant questions include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>At what age was the child baptized?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did the child understand the lifelong consequences?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Did the child feel free to delay baptism?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What did the child believe would happen if he or she did not get baptized?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does the young person believe would happen to family relationships if he or she later left the religion?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Independent research has documented substantial distress associated with shunning among some former Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36618854\/\">PubMed \u2014 What Happens to Those Who Exit Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33469793\/\">PubMed \u2014 Grieving the Living<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11089-026-01333-8\">Springer \u2014 Coping After Shunning, 2026<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-69\">How to interpret different Japanese surveys<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Different surveys of Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses in Japan have produced markedly different pictures of family life, discipline, education, and well-being.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They should not be treated as if they sampled the same population in the same way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-70\">2023 survey by the Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 2023 survey was an open, voluntary, problem-focused survey. It included many former members and adults raised as Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses who reported adverse experiences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/gaiyo\/\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers \u2014 Survey overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Its strength is the identification and documentation of adverse childhood experiences and safeguarding concerns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Its weakness is that its percentages cannot be generalized to all Jehovah\u2019s Witness children in Japan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-71\">Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses in Japan \u2014 A Quantitative Study (JWJ-QS)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A separate study began in 2024 and a full report was published in 2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">JWJ-QS sampled <strong>currently active, baptized adult Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses<\/strong> in Japan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study selected 150 Japanese-language congregations from 2,807 congregations across all 47 prefectures. Invitations were distributed through congregation elders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eligibility required respondents to be adults, baptized Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses, currently attending Japanese-language congregations in Japan, and active in public preaching during the preceding six months.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The completed 2026 report analyzes <strong>7,196 respondents<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jwj-qs.jp\/en\/\">JWJ-QS \u2014 Study website<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jwj-qs.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/JWJ-QS-Study-Report-2026-v1.pdf\">JWJ-QS \u2014 Full 2026 report<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study does <strong>not<\/strong> sample:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>former Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>people raised as Witnesses who were never baptized;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>inactive baptized people who had stopped participating;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>children under 18.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The report itself identifies important limitations, including retrospective recall and limitations on verifying full population representativeness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-72\">Research context<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The JWJ-QS investigators included researchers who were themselves affiliated with the Jehovah\u2019s Witness community, while the project also used outside academic advisors and institutional review procedures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The national Jehovah\u2019s Witness organization assisted with access to sampled congregations and congregation contacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These facts should be disclosed, not used either to dismiss the study automatically or to treat it as wholly external research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/jwj-qs.jp\/en\/about\/\">JWJ-QS \u2014 About the study<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-73\">Why the surveys differ<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The studies answer different questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 2023 lawyers\u2019 survey broadly asks:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What adverse or restrictive childhood experiences have been reported by people raised in Jehovah\u2019s Witness environments, including many people who later left?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">JWJ-QS more closely asks:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How do currently active, baptized adult Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses in Japan describe their religion, family life, attitudes, and well-being?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Both are legitimate questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Neither survey should be treated as a complete description of every Jehovah\u2019s Witness family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A reasonable synthesis is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The 2023 survey provides substantial evidence that serious adverse childhood experiences occurred among many respondents. JWJ-QS provides evidence that many currently active adult Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses describe their present religious and family lives differently, often positively. Neither survey alone establishes the experience of every Jehovah\u2019s Witness child today.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-74\">Human-rights and safeguarding developments<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-75\">Japanese government guidance<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In December 2022, Japan\u2019s Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare issued official guidance on child abuse related to religious beliefs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The guidance addresses situations in which conduct motivated by religion may meet existing legal definitions of physical abuse, psychological abuse, neglect, or sexual abuse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examples include circumstances involving:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>corporal punishment;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>threats or fear;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>severe restrictions on ordinary friendships;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>coercive religious activity;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>interference with education;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>denial of medically necessary treatment; and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>restriction of school activities without adequate regard for a child\u2019s educational opportunities and welfare.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/10200000\/001046283.pdf\">Japan MHLW \u2014 Q&amp;A on child abuse related to religious beliefs<\/a>\u3000<a href=\"https:\/\/sunnytas.info\/?page_id=2227\">English translation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/10200000\/001046317.pdf\">Japan MHLW \u2014 Summary<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The guidance also cautions against mechanical application. Each child\u2019s circumstances should be assessed individually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-76\">Schools and reporting in Japan<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Japan\u2019s Ministry of Education has instructed schools not to remain passive merely because a safeguarding concern has a religious background.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mext.go.jp\/a_menu\/shotou\/seitoshidou\/1414495_00002.htm\">Japan MEXT \u2014 Guidance to schools<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The official English translation of Japan\u2019s Act on the Prevention, etc. of Child Abuse is also available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp\/en\/laws\/view\/2221\/en\">Japanese Law Translation \u2014 Act on the Prevention, etc. of Child Abuse<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-77\">Convention on the Rights of the Child<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child recognizes the child\u2019s right to express views on matters affecting the child and the child\u2019s own freedom of thought, conscience, and religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/convention-rights-child\">OHCHR \u2014 Convention on the Rights of the Child<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/reports\/convention-rights-child-children-version\">UNICEF \u2014 Children\u2019s version<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For professionals, this supports a distinction between:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>respecting a child\u2019s genuine religious belief; and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>assessing whether that belief or decision is being expressed under fear, coercion, dependency, or anticipated loss of family and community.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-78\">Concerns raised by UN Special Rapporteurs<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2024, UN Special Rapporteurs raised concerns with the Japanese government about aspects of the government\u2019s religion-related child-abuse guidance and its potential impact on freedom of religion or belief.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Japanese government responded that the guidance does not prohibit parents from providing religious and moral education and applies where conduct reaches existing legal definitions of child abuse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/spcommreports.ohchr.org\/TmSearch\/RelCom?code=JPN+1%2F2024\">OHCHR Special Procedures \u2014 Communication JPN 1\/2024<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/spcommreports.ohchr.org\/TMResultsBase\/DownLoadFile?gId=38493\">Government of Japan \u2014 Response to JPN 1\/2024<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This exchange is useful because it highlights two principles that should be held simultaneously:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Children must be protected from abuse and coercion even where conduct is religiously motivated.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">and<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ordinary religious upbringing and transmission of belief should not automatically be classified as abuse merely because outsiders disagree with the religion.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-79\">England: faith- or belief-based abuse<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">England\u2019s 2026 <em>Working Together to Safeguard Children<\/em> guidance explicitly includes faith- or belief-based abuse among harms that safeguarding practitioners should be equipped to identify.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is general safeguarding guidance and is not specific to Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/working-together-to-safeguard-children--2\">UK Department for Education \u2014 Working Together to Safeguard Children 2026<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/working-together-to-safeguard-children--2\/working-together-to-safeguard-children-2026-summary-of-changes\">2026 summary of changes<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-80\">Practical guidance for professionals<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following framework may help educators, social workers, school counsellors, physicians, and other professionals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It does not replace local law or professional safeguarding procedures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-81\">1. Do not infer a child\u2019s situation from religious affiliation alone<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Knowing that a child is being raised as a Jehovah\u2019s Witness can alert a practitioner to possible issues involving holidays, school ceremonies, friendships, medical decisions, preaching, or future education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It does not establish how that particular family applies religious teaching.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-82\">Ask rather than assume.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-83\">2. Establish the exact activity<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avoid broad questions such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cAre you allowed to participate in school?\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ask instead:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Are you allowed to attend the Christmas assembly but not sing?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can you learn about Easter but not join an Easter egg hunt?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can you visit a shrine on a school trip if you do not pray?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can you join a sports club?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can you go to a friend\u2019s birthday party?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can you stand during the national anthem without singing?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The difference between <strong>attendance<\/strong>, <strong>learning<\/strong>, <strong>participation<\/strong>, and <strong>religious observance<\/strong> can be crucial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-84\">3. Ask what the child wants<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A child may genuinely share the family\u2019s religious belief.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A practitioner should not assume that nonparticipation is imposed merely because the child is young.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But it is also important to assess how freely the preference is expressed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Useful questions may include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWhat would you like to do?\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWhat do you think would happen if you did something different?\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWould you feel safe telling your parents that you disagree?\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cAre you worried that anyone would stop speaking to you?\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWould anything happen at home or in the congregation?\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The issue is not whether the professional agrees with the child\u2019s belief.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The issue is how freely the child can form and express that belief.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-85\">4. Look for cumulative effects<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One restriction may have little developmental effect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Multiple restrictions may produce a very different result.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, the cumulative effect may be substantial if a child cannot participate in birthdays, holiday events, clubs, classmates\u2019 homes, school dances, close friendships, ordinary adolescent relationships, or future educational choices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The safeguarding question is therefore not only:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u201cIs this individual rule abusive?\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">but also:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u201cWhat is the combined effect of these rules on this child\u2019s education, development, relationships, autonomy, and well-being?\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-86\">5. Distinguish current organizational policy from historical experience<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A former Witness may describe a rule that has since changed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A family may also continue to follow an older rule after the formal policy has changed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Important current examples include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the 2026 blood-component change;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the 2026 change concerning higher education;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the post-2024 modification allowing ordinary greetings to many expelled persons at meetings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ask:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u201cIs this what your family currently requires?\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-87\">6. Treat medical decisions involving minors separately<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A competent adult\u2019s refusal of treatment raises different legal and ethical questions from a parent\u2019s refusal on behalf of a child.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Professionals should follow the law and safeguarding duties in their own jurisdiction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is especially important after the September 2026 change concerning major blood components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-88\">7. Document the child\u2019s own words<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where safeguarding concerns arise, record what the child actually says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cMy mother said I would die at Armageddon if I stopped preaching.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">is more useful than:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe family belongs to a controlling religion.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first records an allegation or experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The second substitutes the practitioner\u2019s interpretation for evidence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-89\">8. Consider whether immediate parental contact could increase risk<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ordinarily, cooperation with parents is important.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, where a child reports fear of punishment, severe rejection, forced religious activity, removal from education, medical danger, or anticipated shunning, automatically contacting the parents before consulting safeguarding professionals may increase pressure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Follow applicable child-protection procedures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-90\">9. Do not make the practitioner the arbiter of theology<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Teachers, social workers, physicians, and counsellors do not need to decide whether Jehovah\u2019s Witness theology is correct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The professional questions concern:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>safety;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>health;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>education;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>psychological well-being;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>coercion;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>social development;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>age-appropriate autonomy; and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>compliance with applicable law.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-91\">10. Seek specialist safeguarding advice when necessary<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where there is a reasonable concern about abuse, coercion, medical danger, or serious educational harm, follow local safeguarding and reporting procedures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-92\">Terminology, evidence standard, and sources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-93\">Terminology used in this guide<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-94\">Expulsion from the congregation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A neutral descriptive term for the formal ending of a person\u2019s recognized membership or standing in the congregation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-95\">Shunning<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A general term for deliberate restriction or cessation of ordinary social contact because of a person\u2019s religious status, departure, or expulsion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-96\">Child abuse related to religious beliefs or practices<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Preferred when discussing Japanese governmental guidance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The phrase avoids implying that religion itself constitutes abuse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-97\">People raised as Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses \/ children raised in Jehovah\u2019s Witness families<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Preferred over <em>second-generation believers<\/em> in most English prose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Japanese expression <em>sh\u016bky\u014d nisei<\/em> (\u201creligion second generation\u201d) has no fully natural direct English equivalent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-98\">Reported experience<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Used where evidence comes from survey respondents or survivor testimony rather than a formal organizational rule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-99\">Current organizational position<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Used for a position supported by current official Jehovah\u2019s Witness publications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-100\">Historical organizational position<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Used where the organization\u2019s current policy has subsequently changed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-101\">Evidence standard<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This guide uses the following hierarchy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-102\">Current Jehovah\u2019s Witness teachings<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Current official Jehovah\u2019s Witness publications are used as the primary source for what the organization currently teaches.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-103\">Japanese law and safeguarding policy<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Japanese legislation, government ministry guidance, and court judgments are preferred.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-104\">Reported childhood experiences in Japan<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 2023 Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers survey is used, with its sampling limitations clearly stated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-105\">Attitudes of currently active Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">JWJ-QS is used, with its eligibility criteria, research context, and limitations disclosed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-106\">Psychological and social effects<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Independent peer-reviewed research is preferred.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-107\">International safeguarding practice<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Governmental and intergovernmental sources are preferred.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-108\">Inferences<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where a conclusion is inferred from a general rule rather than specifically stated \u2014 for example, St. Patrick\u2019s Day \u2014 the inference is explicitly identified as such.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-109\">Core sources<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-110\">Original Japanese Sunnytas page<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sunnytas.info\/?page_id=1997\">Sunnytas \u2014 Original Japanese article<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-111\">Current Jehovah\u2019s Witness policies and official material<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/global-communications\/country\/global-news\/Jehovahs-Witnesses-Each-Witness-Now-Decides-Whether-to-Accept-or-Donate-Main-Blood-Components\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 September 18, 2026 blood-components policy<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/news\/region\/global\/2026-Governing-Body-Update-6\">JW.ORG \u2014 2026 Governing Body Update #6<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/news\/region\/global\/2026-Governing-Body-Update-2\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 2026 Governing Body Update #2: use of a patient\u2019s own blood<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/magazines\/watchtower-study-may-2026\/Make-Wise-Decisions-Regarding-Additional-Education\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Make Wise Decisions Regarding Additional Education, May 2026<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/removed-from-the-congregation\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Current policy toward people removed from the congregation<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 School and Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Flag-Salute-Anthems-and-Voting\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Flag Salute, Anthems and Voting<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Holidays-and-Celebrations\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Holidays and Celebrations<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Extracurricular-Activities\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Extracurricular Activities<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/library\/brochures\/School-and-Jehovahs-Witnesses\/Class-Instruction\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Class Instruction<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/jw-celebrate-holidays\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Holiday FAQ<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/political-neutrality\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Political neutrality<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/interfaith\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Interfaith worship<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/jw-dating\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Dating<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jw.org\/en\/jehovahs-witnesses\/faq\/do-jehovahs-witnesses-ban-certain-entertainment\/\">JW.ORG \u2014 Entertainment<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-112\">Japanese legal and government sources<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.courts.go.jp\/english\/Judgments\/search\/294\/index.html\">Supreme Court of Japan \u2014 Kobe kendo case, official English judgment<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/10200000\/001046283.pdf\">Japan MHLW \u2014 Q&amp;A on child abuse related to religious beliefs<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/10200000\/001046317.pdf\">Japan MHLW \u2014 Summary of the Q&amp;A<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mext.go.jp\/a_menu\/shotou\/seitoshidou\/1414495_00002.htm\">Japan MEXT \u2014 Guidance to schools<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp\/en\/laws\/view\/2221\/en\">Japanese Law Translation \u2014 Act on the Prevention, etc. of Child Abuse<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-113\">2023 Japanese survey<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/gaiyo\/\">Jehovah\u2019s Witness Issues Support Lawyers \u2014 Survey overview<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/news\/20231120\/\">Survey report announcement<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/gakko\/\">School activities<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/koyu\/\">Friendships, dating, and marriage<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/goraku\/\">Entertainment<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/yuketsu\/\">Blood refusal<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/kihi\/\">Expulsion, shunning, and childhood baptism<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jw-issue-support.jp\/news\/20260921\/\">September 2026 statement on blood-policy change<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-114\">JWJ-QS<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jwj-qs.jp\/en\/\">Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses in Japan \u2014 A Quantitative Study<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jwj-qs.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/JWJ-QS-Study-Report-2026-v1.pdf\">Full 2026 study report<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jwj-qs.jp\/en\/about\/\">About the study<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-115\">Independent research on shunning and former-member experience<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36618854\/\">PubMed \u2014 What Happens to Those Who Exit Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33469793\/\">PubMed \u2014 Grieving the Living: The Social Death of Former Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11089-026-01333-8\">Springer \u2014 Coping After Shunning, 2026<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13674676.2023.2255144\">Taylor &amp; Francis \u2014 Health and well-being in former Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses in Austria, Germany and Switzerland<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-116\">International rights and safeguarding<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/convention-rights-child\">OHCHR \u2014 Convention on the Rights of the Child<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/reports\/convention-rights-child-children-version\">UNICEF \u2014 Children\u2019s version of the Convention on the Rights of the Child<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/spcommreports.ohchr.org\/TmSearch\/RelCom?code=JPN+1%2F2024\">OHCHR Special Procedures \u2014 Communication JPN 1\/2024<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/spcommreports.ohchr.org\/TMResultsBase\/DownLoadFile?gId=38493\">Government of Japan \u2014 Response to JPN 1\/2024<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/working-together-to-safeguard-children--2\">UK Department for Education \u2014 Working Together to Safeguard Children 2026<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/working-together-to-safeguard-children--2\/working-together-to-safeguard-children-2026-summary-of-changes\">Working Together 2026 \u2014 Summary of changes<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-117\">English-language reporting<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.japantimes.co.jp\/news\/2023\/11\/21\/japan\/society\/jehovahs-witnesses-survey-abuse\/\">The Japan Times \u2014 2023 Japanese survey coverage<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-118\">Closing note for practitioners<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A useful starting question is not simply:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u201cWhat are Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses prohibited from doing?\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A more useful set of questions is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What does this particular child understand the rule to be?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Does the child personally wish to follow it?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What does the child believe would happen if he or she acted differently?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Can the child safely disagree with parents or the religious community?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Is the restriction causing significant educational loss, social isolation, psychological distress, medical risk, or fear?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Can an alternative respect the child\u2019s genuine religious belief without unnecessarily excluding the child from education, relationships, or ordinary childhood life?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Religious freedom and child safeguarding are not mutually exclusive. The practical task is to protect both the child\u2019s freedom of belief and the child\u2019s safety, development, education, health, and ability to form and express views appropriate to age and maturity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A guide for educators, child-support professionals, social workers, health professionals, and others working w &#8230; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1955,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2765","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses and Children: Rules, Restrictions, Shunning &amp; School Life<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A guide to Jehovah\u2019s Witness rules 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